REHEATING TEMPERATURE IN GAUGE MEDIATION MODELS

AND COMPRESSEDPARTICLE SPECTRUM

Olechowski, SP, Turzynski, Wells

(ABOUT RECONCILING SUPERSYMMETRIC DARK MATTER WITHTHE THERMAL HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE)

DARK MATTER AND MATTER/ANTI-MATTER DARK MATTER AND MATTER/ANTI-MATTER ASYMMETRY:ASYMMETRY:

TWO EXPERIMENTAL FACTS THAT HAVE NO TWO EXPERIMENTAL FACTS THAT HAVE NO EXPLANATION IN THE STANDARD MODELEXPLANATION IN THE STANDARD MODEL

LOOKING FOR AN EXPLANATION IN A SINGLE BSM THEORY,HOPEFULLY TOGETHER WITH A DYNAMICAL EXPLANATION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE FERMI SCALE

BEST CHANCE: SUPERSYMMETRY

BUT NOT EASY TO RECONCILE…Ellis, Linde, Nanopoulos, Sarkar, Kim..

BARYOGENESIS AT THE EW SCALE-DIFFICULT

BARYOGENESIS VIA THERMAL LEPTOGENESIS?

GENERIC CONCLUSION

MANY WAYS TO WEAKEN THE BOUND BUT….

The problem: reheating temperature after inflation

BUT HIGH REHEATING TEMPERATURE MAY HAVE DANGEROUS

IMPLICATIONS FOR BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS!

THERE MAY BE PRODUCED TOO MANY LONG-LIVED PARTICLES

WHOSE DECAY PRODUCTS WOULD DESTROY SUCCESSFUL BBN

E.G. (UNSTABLE) GRAVITINOS

THE BOUNDS FOR VERSUS

(FOR SUCH PARTICLES)

BROKEN SUPERSYMMETRY -- SUPERGRAVITY

TO EAT GOLDSTINO BY GRAVITINO (TO SAY THE LEAST)

Invariance of the Lagrangian for the gravitino-goldstino system under localsupersymmetric transformations, in the flat space, implies

where F is the susy breaking vev

MODELS WITH CONSERVED R-PARITY; GRAVITY MEDIATION;

NEUTRALINO AS LSP IS A DARK MATTER CANDIDATE

UNSTABLE GRAVITINO

Gravitinos are produced by scatterings of e.g. gauge bosons in the thermal bath

GRAVITINO PROBLEM (UNSTABLE GRAVITINOS)

Gravitino decays with life time of the order of 10^7 sec or longer, so it decays long after BBN

FOR GRAVITINO MASSES IN THE 10 TeV RANGE (Mirage mediation?)

THE REHEATING TEM CAN GO ABOVE 10^9 GeV

GAUGE MEDIATION MODELS STABLE GRAVITINO

MINIMAL GAUGE MEDIATION:

A (SM) SINGLET FIELD X, COUPLED TO MESSENGERS IN REPOF SU(5)

SUPERPOTENTIAL

GAUGINO MASES

SCALAR MASSES

STABLE GRAVITINO (LSP), AS IN GAUGE MEDIATION MODELSTHE NLSP PRODUCED WITH SOME „THERMAL RELIC ABUNDANCE” (SOLVE BOLTZMAN EQUATION), HAD IT NOT DECAYED

DECAYS ONLY INTO GRAVITINO and a SM PARTICLE, AND CAN BE LONG-LIVED; ITS DECAY PRODUCTS CAN DESTROY BBN

NLSP LIFE-TIME

DEPENDS ON THE NLSP MASS (MAINLY)AND ON THE REST OF THE SUPERPARTNER SPECTRUM (WEAKLY)

THE BBN BOUNDS CAN BE PRESENTED IN THE

PLANE

LET’S LOOK AT BBN BOUNDS FOR SNEUTRINO OR STAU TAKEN AS THE NLSP (least hadronic decay products)

BUT NEUTRALINO NLSP, FOR MIXED HIGGSINO-WINOAND BINO-HIGGSINO , CAN ALSO BE INTERESTING

(for a recent complete analysis, see Laura Covi et al.)

WATCH THE GRAVITINO MASS!

IF THE STABLE GRAVITIONO IS THE ONLY CONSTITUENT OF DARK MATTER :

THE GRAVITINO DENSITY IS A FUNCTION OF REHEATING TEMPERATURE AND PROPORTIONALTO A FACTOR DEPENDING ON THE SUPERPARTNER SPECTRUM

THE GRAVITINO DENSITY IS A FUNCTION OF REHEATING TEMPERATURE

M_r – gluino, wino, bino masses at T_R

m_3/2 enters also the BBN bounds, and the PHYSICAL gaugino masses areLarger than m_3/2

LET’s LOOK AT THE GRAVITINO PRODUCTION FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF MAXIMIZING THE REHEATING TEMPERATURE,

BUT CONSITENTLY WITH THE BBN BOUNDS

REMEMBER

(PHYSICAL)

IT IS THEN USEFUL TO STUDY THE QUESTION OF MAXIMIZING T_R

AS A FUNCTION OF THE PHYSICAL NLSP MASS AND PHYSICAL GAUGINO MASSES

FIXED m_NLSP: T_R MAXIMIZED FOR 1) ALL M_R=m_NLSP (gauginos cannot then be universal at the GUT scale)

2) FOR m_3/2 that minimize the squared bracket, but consistently with the BBN bound (for a given value of the m_NLSP

STABLE GRAVITINO AS DARK MATTER AND MAXIMAL REHEATING TEMPERATURE (for stau/sneutrino NLSP)

•GRAVITINO MASS AROUND 1-10 GeV

•GAUGINO (IN PARTICULAR GLUINO) AND NLSP MASSES CLOSE TO EACH OTHER AND LIGHT (200 GEV- 1 TEV)

•HEAVY STOPS, FOR THE HIGGS TO BE ABOVE THE LEP BOUND AND FOR THE ELECTROWEAK BREAKING (WITH A LIGHT GLUINO)

WHAT IS THE SCALE OF MEDIATION? (MESSENGER SCALEIN GAUGE MEDIATION MODELS)

HOW TO GET IT IN SUPERSYMMETRY BREAKING MEDIATIONMODELS?

FOR GRAVITINOS IN THE 1- 10 GeV RANGE AND WITH SFERMIONMASSES OF A FEW HUNDREDS GeV, WE NEED

WHERE

THUS, LARGE MESSENGER SCALE, CLOSE TO THE GUT SCALE

• HYBRID MODELS OF MEDIATION - GAUGE, WITH NON-NEGLIGIBLE GRAVITY MEDIATION CONTRIBUTION

COMMENTS:

• RG EVOLUTION IMPORTANT FOR THE MAPPING OF THE PHYSICAL SOFT MASSES TO THEIR INITIAL LARGE SCALE VALUES

TYPICAL SPECTRA CONISTENT WITH THE MAXIMAL TEMPERATUREAND RG EVOLUTION

A LOOK AT THE EFFECTS OF RG RUNNING TO LARGE SCALES

1) RG FOR RIGHT STAU(NLSP): VERY SMALL INITIAL HYPERCHARGE SCALAR MASSES

2) RUNNING OF THE GAUGINO MASSES: NON-UNIVERSAL GAUGINO MASSES AT THE LARGE SCALE

3) HEAVY STOP MASSES: LARGE INITIAL “COLOURED” SCALAR MASSES

MINIMAL GAUGE MEDIATION VERSUS GENERALIZED GAUGEMEDIATION -- SEVERAL SINGLET FIELDS WITH VEVS, BROKENSU(5) SYMMETRY IN THEIR COUPLINGS TO MESSENGERMULTIPLETS, MESSENGERS IN LARGER REPRESENTATIONSOF SU(5) THAT DECOMPOSE INTO REP OF SM SUBGROUPS

GENERALIZED GAUGE MEDIATION -6 PARAMETRS

IN MODEL BUILDING, ONE HAS TO ARRANGE FOR LARGE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SCALAR MASSES OF COLOUREDPARTICLES WHILE SUPPRESSING THE DOUBLET AND HYPERCHARGECONTRIBUTIONS

AND LIGHT GAUGINOS!

CONSTRAINTS ON THE MESSENGER REPRESENTATIONS E.G. 3x24, 40+40*, 75..

SUMMARY

•MAXIMAL REHEATING TEMPERATURE WITH STABLE GRAVITINO (LSP) AS DARK MATTER IS REACHED FOR „SPECIAL” (PARTIALLY COMPRESSED) SPECTRUM;

IT CAN BE INTERESTING PHENOMENOLOGICALLY (DEGENERATE STATES)

•COMPARED TO A GENERIC SPECTRUM, THE GAIN IN T_R IS ABOUT ONE ORDER OF MAGNITUDE; SUCH SCENARIOS BRING US CLOSER TO THE „LEPTOGENESIS-FRIENDLY” RANGE OF TEMPERATURES

MESSENGER MASSES MUST BE CLOSED TO THE GUT SCALE(hybrid gauge – gravity mediation)

•GENERALIZED GAUGE MEDIATION MODELS CAN EASILY ACCOMODATESUCH SCENARIOS

BUT, IT REQUIRES GENERALIZED GAUGE MEDIATION, WITH

1) non-universal gaugino masses (light gluino) 2) heavy “coloured” scalars

3) very light “hypercharge” scalars

THE SMALLER THE HADRONIC BRANCHING RATIOS THE WEAKER THE BOUNDS

S is the supercurrent of the visible (MSSM) sector;

this sector is thermalized while the gravitionos are not