Rendered Animal Products: Advances in Non-Fishmeal

Protein Sources Dr Richard Smullen

Group Technical and R&D Manager

Dr Mark Booth Dr Brett Glencross

Dr Giovanni Turchini

WHO ARE RIDLEY AQUA-FEED

• Ridley Group - Largest Australian commercial provider of high performance animal nutrition solutions – 1.8mt

• Value proposition: close collaboration with farms to meet unique requirements

• Assured Quality: – Certified to ISO 9001:2000 – Fully integrated HACCP system – GlobalGap accredited

• Rendered animal products

The World Renderers Organisation; Representing the Animal by-Product processing sector around the world.

Mission: Biosecurity in the food-chain

with optimum nutritional quality in safe, sustainable products

WRO Member Countries

30 members [inc allied members] in 23 Countries

Rendering: Simplified Process Flow diagram Raw material

Sizing

Drying/Cooking

Pressing

Cooling

Grinding

Processed Proteins “MBM” or “PAP”

Rendered Fat “Tallow”

Centrifuge

Decanting

North America

South America

EU B

EU A

Australia

New Zealand Other

Production of PAP around the World

EU A = non ruminant PAP, approved for Aqua

EU B = Ruminant PAP, approved for Companion

Total PAP for Aqua

~ 10 millon tonnes pa

ALL PAP = >14 million Tonnes pa

PAP’s and Rendered Animal Fats

Availability*: Stable, possibly growth from EU PAP [if available] Price: Dependent on other commodities Crude Oil, Soya harvest

Innovation: Improve harvest and quality of raw materials Technology: Improve process to optimise nutrition quality

* Over next 5-10 years Legislation/consumer constraints

WRO Publications: Ensuring Safe Products

Carbon Footprint studies with PAP* and comparisons with Fishmeals

110

295

430

547

850

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

monoPAP monoPAP fishmeal fishmeal fishmeal

gCO2

/tonn

e pre

ssed

Preliminary study information 3 different studies

NB: monoPAP: PAP from monogastric species [Poultry] A = Process uses biofuel energy B = Process uses fossil fuel energy * Reference; Ramirez et-al [ 2011] Environmental Science & Technology

A B

Uses of animal fats (tallow and poultry oil) Uses of animal protein meals (meat and bone meal,

poultry meal, feather meal and blood meal)

Australian Production and Destination

Australian Production and Destination

Some definitions and Remarks

Processed Animal Protein [PAP] is an EU term For this presentation PAP = All ‘Animal Feed grade”

Animal protein meals…. including MBM

Drive to Sustainability

Growth of Aquaculture

What’s Driving the Growth of Aquaculture

Regional seafood consumption

Fish to 2030 Prospects for Fisheries & Aquaculture – World Bank Dec 2013; baseline model page 45

62.2

23.8

29.6

41

26.4

9.6

18.2

7.5

15.7

9.4

5.6

6.6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Japan

East Asia & Pacific

South East Asia

China

Nth America & Can.

Rest of World

Europe & Central Asia

Latin America & Caribbean

Sth Asia excl. India

Middle East & Nth Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

India

kg / person / year

20002006201020202030

$0

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

$2,500

Aug-87 May-90 Jan-93 Oct-95 Jul-98 Apr-01 Jan-04 Oct-06 Jul-09 Apr-12 Dec-14

Crude Oil USD$/barrel

Fishmeal - USD$/tonne

Wheat - USD$/tonne

Soybean Meal - USD$/tonne

Commodity Price Variability

Data Source: indexmundi.com

Commodity Price Variability

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07 Dec-08 Dec-09 Dec-10 Dec-11 Dec-12 Dec-13 Dec-14

Soy oil - CIF Rott.

Rapeseed oil - cif Rott.

PalmOil - fob Malay

FishBulk - fob Peru

Data Source: Hammersmith Marketing/Indexmundi

Price (US$/tonne fob)

Global compound aquafeed predictions to 2020

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

(mmt)

1995 200 2005 2007 2008 2010 2015 2020

Total production Total feeds

FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Technical Paper 564; Tacon, Hassan & Metian (2011); page 15

Based on species EFCR note: production of fed species

Formulations for the future – now! The use of PAP and Oil

Multiple retailers pushing for greater sustainability of aqua-feeds Public demanding greater sustainability

What is Fish In Fish Out?

How much wild fish does it take to make farmed fish or prawns

What is Fish In Fish Out?

This data is out of date for Australia – Barramundi are net fish producers, salmon close to 1:1

Lots of R&D on rendered meals & fats

Typical Ranges of PAP and Oils in Aquaculture Feeds

FAO State of the Worlds Fisheries & Aquaculture 2012; page 179

Practical use of PAP

Practical use of PAP

Fish Meal Amino Acid Profile

From Gau et al., 2007

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg

EAA

(g.K

G-1

)

Fish Meal

Fish Meal Amino Acid Profile

From Gau et al., 2007

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg

EAA

(g.K

G-1

)

Poultry Meal Fish Meal

Poultry Meal Amino Acid Profile

From Gau et al., 2007

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg

EAA

(g.K

G-1

)

Meat and Bone Meal Poultry Meal Fish Meal

Meat and Bone Meal Amino Acid Profile

From Gau et al., 2007

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg

EAA

(g.K

G-1

)

Meat and Bone Meal Poultry Meal Fish Meal Soya Bean Meal Canola Meal

Soya Bean and Canola Meal Amino Acid Profile

From Gau et al., 2007

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg

EAA

(g.K

G-1

)

Meat and Bone Meal Blood Meal Poultry Meal Fish Meal Soya Bean Meal Canola Meal

Blood Meal Amino Acid Profile

From Gau et al., 2007

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg

EAA

(g.K

G-1

)

Meat and Bone Meal Feather Meal Blood Meal Poultry Meal Fish Meal Soya Bean Meal Canola Meal

Feather Meal Amino Acid Profile

From Gau et al., 2007

Blended Amino Acid Profile

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg

EAA

(g.K

G-1

)

Fish Meal

From Gau et al., 2007

Blended Amino Acid Profile

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg

EAA

(g.K

G-1

)

Fish Meal AM11

From Gau et al., 2007

Blended Amino Acid Profile

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg

EAA

(g.K

G-1

)

Fish Meal AM11 AM22

From Gau et al., 2007

Blended Amino Acid Profile

Ingredient Control MBM PM AM11 AM12 AM13 AM21 AM22 AM23 Fish Meal 35 24.5 17.5 24.5 17.5 7 24.5 17.5 7

Meat Meal 10.5 Poultry Meal 17.5 Blood Meal 6 2.6 3.8

AM11 10.5 17.5 29 AM22 10.5 17.6 27.5

Soya Bean Meal 14 25 21.2 29.5 30 27.1 29.2 31 32.7

Other 45 37.4 40 35.5 35 36.9 35.8 33.9 32.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

DP/DE 24.4 24.5 24.4 24.5 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.5 24.4

From Gau et al., 2007

Blended Amino Acid Profile

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2

2.1

2.2

Control MBM POM AM11 AM12 AM13 AM21 AM22 AM23

SGR

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

Control MBM POM AM11 AM12 AM13 AM21 AM22 AM23

FCR

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

0 10 20 30 40 50

Gro

wth

Rat

e (g

/wk)

Fishmeal Inclusion (%)

Fishmeal Replacement

P. monodon

• Indoor Tank Trial • All diets formulated to 42%Protein,7%Lipid

• Lupin kernel meal and Poultry Offal Meal used as alternative protein sources • Each treatment replicated n=5

• Trial run for 42days • Survival = 93.3 ± 0.94%

R2=0.747 P=0.026

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Without With Novacq™

Bioactive Biomass Production - Novacq™

PCT Patent : AU200820xxxx

>50%

Gain Rate (g/wk)

Origins in 2002

?

Basal performance

P. monodon

>90% Gain

Gai

n Ra

te (g

/wk)

Experiment 2010-1

Optimal inclusion level • All diets formulated to 42% Protein,7% Lipid • Fishmeal and wheat gluten used as main protein sources • Each treatment replicated n=5 • Trial run for 35 days • Survival = 84.1 ± 1.04%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

180%

200%

Basal Run-1 Run-2 Commercial Commercial+

Commercial evaluation in Australia in P. monodon farm

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24

0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (weeks)

+ Novacq

Commercial Diet

Shrimp weight (g)

Relative Gain

On-Farm Data

Laboratory Data

22%

21%

5 x 1ha pond per diet

+ Novacq Production Variability Enhance Enhance

Survival 85% 78%

P. monodon

• Indoor Tank Trial – 2 • All diets formulated to 42%Protein, 7%Lipid

• Lupin kernel meal and Poultry Offal Meal used as alternative protein sources, Linseed oil as alternative oil • Each treatment replicated n=5

• Trial run for 42days • Survival = 89.8± 1.13%

Replacing Fish Meals and Oils

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

Gain

Rat

e (g

/wk)

Fish meal

Fish oil

Bioactive

Y 10%

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y Y

10% 10%

N

N

Y Y N

N 10%

Y

Y Y

Y N

N

49% 114% 105%

86%

106%

Deakin University Trial Facilities Dr Giovanni Turchini and James Emery

Fish Oil Replacement with Beef Tallow

Fish Oil Replacement with Beef Tallow • Replacing poultry oil by tallow in juvenile Atlantic Salmon (init. wt. 138g), freshwater, 10 °C, 14 weeks •CD = normal commercial oil blend 25% FO % 75% POL •TAL included at 10% increments replacing POL (i.e. 50TAL = 25%FO, 50%TAL and 25%POL)

1.16 1.11 1.14 1.16 1.14 1.15 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

CD 10TAL 20TAL 30TAL 40TAL 50TAL

Feed Ratio (% bwt/day)

0.89 0.85 0.88 0.9 0.87 0.91 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

CD 10TAL 20TAL 30TAL 40TAL 50TAL

FCR

Emery, Smullen, Turchini (2014) Tallow in Atlantic salmon feed. Aquaculture 422-423:98-108

Full details: Emery, Smullen, Turchini (2014) Tallow in Atlantic salmon feed. Aquaculture 422-423:98-108

Fatty acids: Inclusion of TAL:

• Improved n-3 LC-PUFA status • Greatly reduced total n-6 PUFA • Greatly improved n-6/n-3 ratio

Growth & Biometry: • No statistically different results

Fish Oil Replacement with Beef Tallow

355.7

357

349.8

345.2

359.3

342.9

CD 10TAL 20TAL 30TAL 40TAL 50TAL

Weight Gain (%)

1.55 1.55 1.53 1.52 1.56 1.52 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

CD 10TAL 20TAL 30TAL 40TAL 50TAL

SGR (%bd wt/day)

Final product quality:

Panel test: no differences were recorded between the two products for fresh, cooked, cold smoked and hot smoked

salmon Fatty acids:

Compared to Control (CD), fillet of fish fed tallow (TAL) had:

• Significantly higher EPA and DHA (EPA+DHA 53.7 vs 49.10 mg/g lipid)

• Significantly lower 18:2n-6 • Higher trans-FA (TAL has slightly higher trans fat content

compared to POL) • Significantly reduced n-6/n-3 ratio (better) (1.27 vs 1.50)

Juvenile A. salmon (init. wt. 300g), freshwater, 13.1 °C, 12weeks Comparison of Poultry vs Tallow vs Canola

(FO% constant in all diets)

Diets 2-way

ANOVA P values

CAN POL TAL Oil

Av initi wt g 295.4±9.8 297.7±15.7 289.5±5.4 n.s.

Av final wt g 579.1±2.6 605.2±29.9 604.7±18.0 n.s.

Gain g 283.8±8.6 307.5±26.0 315.2±13.7 0.048

Gain% 96.5±6.0 103.9±11.0 108.8±3.5 n.s.

FCR 1.03±0.03bc 0.96±0.02ab 0.94±0.03ab 0.001

SGR 0.80±0.04 0.84±0.06 0.88±0.02 n.s.

Av feed intake %bw/day 0.79±0.02 0.78±0.04 0.78±0.01

n.s.

Complete replacement using Poultry Oil - 12-week trial; 208g initial weight to 550g final weight

- 52P:16L extruded diets with 15% fishmeal

Salini, M.J., Irvin, S., Bourne, N., Blyth, D., Turchini, G., Glencross, B., 2014. Marginal efficiencies of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid use by Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) when fed diets with varying blends of fish oil and poultry oil. ISFNF 2014 Proceedings.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

F100:P0 F60:P40 F30:P70 F15:P85 F0:P100

Wei

ght g

ain

(g/f

ish)

FCR

(feed

/gai

n)

Diets

FCR

Gain

Diets 100% FO 100% PO

Fish Oil Replacement with Poultry Oil

Standardising Assessment

What we need Standardise

52

CHARACTERISATION • Species, Genotype, Processing, Origin, Analysis,...

DIGESTIBILITY

• Diet-strategy, Faecal collection, Acclimation, Analysis, ...

PALATABILITY • Diet-strategy, Animal size, Inclusion levels, Duration,...

UTILISATION

• Diet-strategy, Animal size, Inclusion levels, Duration,...

FUNCTIONALITY • Binding ability, Expansion capacity, Hygroscopy, ...

Poultry Analysis - Freshness

Case Study - Blood Meal Quality Data

Blood meal quality – moisture content

Sample number

Moi

stur

e %

Maximum GTA Specification

Minimum GTA Specification

45% fail 40% fail for low moisture

Blood meal quality – Mink digestibility

Blood meal quality – Mink digestibility

Mink is a good correlation for moisture digestibility

Blood meal quality – Barramundi digestibility

NSW Fisheries show that a blood meal sample that had 3% moisture had a digestibility in

barramundi of only 55%

Barramundi digestibility

Blood meal quality – Mink digestibility

30%

21%

Sealey et al, 2011

PAP – Potential Fishmeal replacement

Summary of PAP and Oil

Highly nutritious feed ingredients for Aquaculture

Quality protein and fat for diverse

species base

Safe and hygienic food chain ingredients

Sustainable raw materials for now

and the future

Thank You!

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