REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: THE JEFFERSON and MADISON

Chapter 7

The “Revolution of 1800” Burr and Jefferson tie in the election

of 1800Alexander Hamilton supports

Jefferson Jefferson, Republican, takes office

with Burr as VP Peaceful transfer of power from one

party to another Inaugural address: “We are all

Republicans, we are all Federalists.”

Jefferson Dismantles Federalist Policies

Abolished all internal taxes (whiskey tax)

Reduced government spending Cut federal debt almost in half Reduced the size of the army and

navy 50% Retired most of the navy’s warships (Critics claimed he left the nation

defenseless) He tried removed the “midnight

appointees”-judges appointed by Adams

Question

Just how “DEMOCRATIC” was Jefferson?

Trouble with the Barbary States

Conflict With the Barbary StatesNorth African states (Pasha of Tripoli)

demanded tribute from ships sailing in Mediterranean

Jefferson dispatched U.S. fleet to “negotiate through the mouth of a cannon”

U.S. ends up paying $60,000 for the release of U.S. sailors

North America in 1800

Attack on the Judges: Marbury v. Madison Jefferson tried to deny Federalist

Marbury his judgeship. Marbury took his case to the Supreme

Court which ruled the court had no authority to order James Madison to deliver the commission. They ruled the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.

***Under Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison (1803) the ruling established the Supreme Court’s right of judicial review of federal legislation and executive action.

****Marbury v. Madison Judicial Review Established one of the most

important principles of American constitutional law: The right of judicial review.

. The Supreme Court held that the Court itself has the final say on the meaning of the Constitution (interpretation and application) as well as the power to nullify an act of Congress.

Attack on the Judges: Impeachments 1803--Federalist John Pickering

impeached, removed for alcoholism and insanity

Republicans began to fearing the destruction of an independent judiciary.

Jefferson made the situation worse by seeking to impeach Federalist Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase

The Republican Senate refused to convict Chase. No attempt has been made since to restructure the court through impeachment.

The Louisiana Purchase

Westward: The Course of Empire Intense migration to West after 1790New States included

Kentucky--1792 Tennessee--1796 Ohio—1803***Water transportation is essential

to westward expansion and New Orleans connected these markets to the world

The Louisiana Purchase1801--France bought Louisiana from

Spain1803--Jefferson sent diplomats to

France to buy New OrleansNapoleon offered to sell all of

Louisiana for $15 million (4 cents an acre)

The Constitution is vague on Congressional authority to purchase LA

****Jefferson abandons his position of a “strict” interpretation of the Constitution to purchase LA territory

A Proclamation to the People of New Orleans, 1803 (In three languages)

The Louisiana Purchase (2)

Louisiana inhabitants were French & Spanish

Jefferson denies them self-rule=“Taxation without representation”

Louisiana was governed from Washington

This was another Jeffersonian departure from Republicanism

The boundaries of the territory are not clear.

http://www.history.com/topics/meriwether-lewis/videos#louisiana-purchase-doubles-size-of-america

LA Purchase: Is It Constitutional? http://www.history.com/shows/the-pr

esidents/videos/jefferson-expands-executive-power#jefferson-expands-executive-power

The Lewis and Clark ExpeditionLewis and Clark Expedition was

commissioned prior to purchase of Louisiana

Expedition left St. Louis May 1804 and returned in 1806.

They were gone for 21/2 years and covered 8,000 miles.

Sacagawea, Shoshone Indian guide Both men agreed the area beyond

the Missouri—though rich in resources--was not fit for settlement.

The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and Clark

http://www.history.com/videos/lewis--clark-expedition-charts-new-territory

Murder and Conspiracy: The Curious Career of Aaron Burr Vice-President Aaron Burr breaks

with Jefferson1804--Burr seeks Federalist support

in 1804 New York governor’s race Alexander Hamilton blocks Burr’s

effortsBurr kills Hamilton in a duel

The Burr ConspiracyBurr fled to the west after Hamilton

duelSome believed Burr planned to

invade Spanish territory and convince western states to secede from the union.

Burr was arrested and tried for treason

John Marshall acquitted on Constitutional grounds of insufficient evidence

He fled to England but returned years later to live as an outcast in the U.S. “The wickedest man alive.”

Video on Burr Duel

Founding Brothers

Embarrassments Overseas

1803--England and France resumed war (Napoleonic Wars)

American ships were subject to seizure: Between 1803 and 1807, the British

seized 500 American ships and France seized 300.

Impressments=seizing U.S. sailors for service in English navy (Chesapeake-Leopard Incident)

Jefferson refused to declare war. Instead, he cut off trade with France and England instead.

Embargo Act of 1807-Jefferson’s alternative to war

Embargo Act (1807) Divided the NationEmbargo Act prohibited

American ships from leaving the U.S. for any foreign port.

Embargo crippled the American economy.

American exports dropped from $108 million in 1807 to $22 million.

Imports dropped from $138 million to $57 million.

Merchants declared bankruptcy, jobs were lost, banks closed

Jefferson stopped enforcing the embargo

GORDON WOOD “EMPIRE OF LIBERTY”

VIDEO NOTES

GORDON WOOD LECTURE: “EMPIRE OF LIBERTY” (1790-1820)

The population doubled every 20 years Americans moved westward rapidly

leading to disputes over land and relocation and conflict with Native Americans

Westward movement led to the creation of new states and a shift in political power from the east to the western region

Religious revivals sweep the nation (Second Great Awakening) and new religious groups are organized—Methodists, Baptists, Mormons, etc.

Gordon Wood VideoThe national economy grows rapidly and

Americans seize opportunities for economic and social gains –very ambitious!

Crime rate spikedThree wrong assumptions of the

founding generation: 1. They could control westward expansion 2. They could deal with the Indians in a humane manner 3. Slavery would die a natural death

JAMES MADISONTHE MADISON ADMINISTRATION

James Madison Elected President

# 4, James Madison

Part of the “Virginia Dynasty” and founding generation

Father of the Constitution Author of the Federalist PapersSupporter of the Bill of Rights Dem-Republican along with Jefferson

Historical Context: Madison Administration

Westward expansion, land disputes Growing population Religious revivalism “Second Great

Awakening” Great Britain and France were at war

(Napoleonic Wars) US ships were caught between the warring nations

Embargo Act had damaged the US economy

Indian unrest in the Northeast and the South

Importation of slaves ended in 1808

A New Administration Goes to War: Mr. Madison’s War

1808--James Madison was elected President and Britain and France were at war

1809--Embargo was repealed in favor of Non-Intercourse Act-reopens trade with all nations EXCEPT Britain and France

Macon’s Bill No. 2-U.S. resumed trade with France and Britain as long as both allowed unrestricted trade

Causes of the War of 1812: US vs. Great Britain

1. Americans resented British occupation of forts in the Northwest where they supplied Indians in attacks against American settlers 2. British seizure of American ships and impressment of American citizens3. As the nation moved westward, the region gained political power in Congress. “War Hawks” from the western states supported war with Britain=Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun 4. Some Americans hoped to gain territory in Canada and Florida

War of 1812

http://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812/videos#americans-and-british-face-off-in-war-of-1812

Fumbling Toward ConflictAmericans believed the British were

supporting Tecumseh’s Western campaign

Congressional War Hawks demanded war against England to preserve American honor

June 1, 1812, Madison sent to Congress a declaration of war

Americans Were Not Prepared for WarSmall national budget=1/15th the

size of England’sHad only 7,500 men on military rollsAmerican navy had 16 warships and

7 frigatesBritish navy had 166 frigates and

124 large warships Americans planned to attack Canada

Strange War of 1812:The War’s Conclusion1814--three-pronged English attack

campaign from Canada to Hudson River Valley stopped at Lake Champlain

campaign in the Chesapeake resulted in burning of Washington, siege of Baltimore

campaign for New Orleans thwarted by Andrew Jackson, January, 1815 (13 casualties to 2000 British)

Treaty of Ghent signed December, 1814

http://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812/videos#accounts-receivable-book-seized-during-the-war-of-1812

http://www.history.com/videos/andrew-jackson-hero-of-new-orleans

“The Star Spangled Banner” Frances Scott Key (30’ x42’)

http://www.history.com/search?search-field=America+Flag%3ADeconstructed+&x=14&y=13

Hartford Convention: The Demise of the FederalistsFederalists convened December,

1814Proposed Constitutional changes to

lessen power of South and West and the President

Federalists talked of secession Treaty of Ghent and the victory of

New Orleans made Convention appear disloyal

Federalist party never recovered

Treaty of Ghent Ends the WarMost problems left unaddressedSenate unanimously ratified the

Treaty of Ghent Americans claimed success in a

"second war of independence"

Republican Legacy

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both died July 4, 1826 James Madison died in 1836

He despaired that Declaration’s principles not yet extended to African Americans