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DEVAPRAKASAM DEIVASAGAYAMProfessor of Mechanical Engineering
Room:11, LW, 2nd FloorSchool of Mechanical and Building Sciences
Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, dr.devaprakasam@gmail.com
RES701: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (3:0:0:3)
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Parts of a Scientific paperThe TitleThe AbstractThe IntroductionMethodsResults(tables and figures)the DiscussionAcknowledgement References
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
The IMRAD StructureIntroduction answers “why’’Methods answers “when, where, how, how much?’’Results answers “what?’’AndDiscussion answers “so what?”
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
The Title
Title should catch the imaginations of the readers.A good title is defined as the fewest possible words
that describe the contents of the paper.An improperly titled paper will get lost and will never
be read. Informative and specificConciseUnderstandable
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
How to Prepare the Title
Make a list of the most important keywords
Think of a title that contains these words
The title could state the conclusion of the paper
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Title Page
The following information needs to be on the title page:
The title of your research paperFirst name and surname of the author(s)Affiliations, AddressesCorresponding author(s) email(s)
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Abstract
Abstract reflects the essence of the entire research work presented in the article.An abstract presents a brief summary of your
research. The aim of the abstract is to briefly provide the
reader with the most important information from the entire text.
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Abstract
It should be written in clear and simple words, as it is the first and sometimes the only part of the manuscript read.It should provide a complete and selective summary
of the most significant ideas and informationDescribe the methods usedSummarize the results, and State the principal conclusions
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Criteria of the Abstract
It should not exceed 250 wordsIt should be written in one paragraph.Long words should be followed by its abbreviation
which would be used through out the abstract and paper.It should never give any information or conclusion
that is not stated in the paper
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Introduction
Background, Known Information
Knowledge gap, Unknown Information
Hypothesis, Questions, Purpose Statement
Approach, Plan, Proposed solution.
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Introduction
The first part of your research paper is your introduction.
This is where you provide an introduction to the topic of your research: you give the context in terms of content of the research work.
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Introduction
The introduction should answer the following questions:What was I studying?Why was this an important question?What did I know about this topic before I did this
study?What model was I testing? andWhat approach did I take in this study?
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
AREA OF FOCUS
The significance of the study will mainly focus on the question “Who will benefit from the study?”.
This section will state the contribution of your study and the usefulness of your study in the society.
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Related LiteratureIn this part you must get your data and information from any books, magazines, and news papers. You must label your published material with local or foreign.
• 1. Must be also organized to cover specific problems.• 2. Must take all the evidences about the problem with the author’s
experiences.• 3. As much as possible, get the latest published materials. Avoid old
published materials.• 4. It must be related to your topic. If not, do not get it.• 5. On the last part of this part you must have a statement how this
old published material helps the researcher in their current study and relate it to your study.
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Research Questions
The problem must be reflected to your title or the readers must know your problem by just simply reading your topic.
The problem must not be answerable by yes or no and must be arranged in the flow of your documentation or study.
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Methods• Be precise, complete and concise.• Include only relevant information-no unnecessary
details, anecdotes, excuses or confessions.• Detailed experimental procedures• Questions such as “how” or “how much” must be
answered and not left to be puzzled over• Explains analytical techniques used
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Data Analysis And Interpretation
Data may be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively depending on the level of measurement and the number of dimensions and variables of the study.Analyze in depth to give meaning to the data
presented in the data presented in the table. Avoid table reading.State statistical descriptions in declarative
sentences, e.g. in the studies involving:
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Interpretation of Data
Establish interconnection between and among dataCheck for indicators whether hypothesis/es is/are
supported or not by findings.Link the present findings with the previous
literature.Use parallel observations with contemporary events
to give credence presented in the introduction.
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Result (tables and figures)
It is the core or heart of the paperIt needs to be clearly and simply stated since it
constitutes the new knowledge contributed to the worldSummarize and illustrate the findings in an orderly
and logical sequence, without interpretation Should guide the reader through the findings,
stressing the major points
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Tables and Figures
Tables and Figures are the foundation of your story
Figures and tables should stand alone and tell a complete story
The reader should not need to refer back to the main text
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Tips on Tables and Figures
Use the fewest figures and tables needed to tell the story.
Do not present the same data in both a figure and a table
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Discussion
It is the hardest section to write.Its primary purpose is to show the relationships
among observed factsIt should end with a short summary or conclusion
regarding the significance of the work.State your conclusions as clearly as possibleSummarize your evidence for each conclusion
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Discussion
Answer The Questions Asked
Support Your Conclusion (Your Data, Other’s Data)
Defend Your Conclusion
Give The Big Picture “take Home Message’’
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Recommendations
They should be based on the findings and conclusion of the study.Recommendations may be specific or general or
both. They may include suggestions for further studies.They should be in non-technical language.They should be feasible, workable, flexible, doable,
adaptable.
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
References
What is referencing?
Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your document.
A list of ALL the references used in the text must be written.
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Reference List
• Any papers not cited in the text should not be included.
• Reference lists allow readers to investigate the subject in greater depth.
• A reference list contains only the books, articles, and web pages etc that are cited in the text of the document.
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933