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Resilient Dryland Systems (RDS) Asia Brief Overview
Suhas P Wani Research Program Director (Acting)
Resilient Dryland Systems
Poverty
Population explosion
Water scarcity
Land degradation
Malnutrition
211 m India
142 m China
156 m Other Asia & Pacific
519 m India
211 m China
Asia: The Hot Spot of Poverty – Our Common Challenge
Goal
To improve rural livelihoods, increase food security and protect the environment thru sustainable intensification adopting holistic participatory research for development (PR4D) to benefit small farm holders in the semi-arid tropics
Demand Driven R4D
Food and nutritional security
Improved livelihoods
Sustainable ecosystem services
Resilience building
Impact Oriented R4D
Continuum of research in rainfed agriculture
Strategic – Adaptive – On-farm – Scaling-out
Drylands – supplemental irrigation – irrigated agricultural intensification
Farmers’ Centric Watershed as an Entry Point
Watershed as entry point for:
Increasing productivity
Enhancing profits
Improving livelihoods
Protecting environment and ESSs
Empowerment of poor
Social capital development
Changes in Status of Agroecological Regions
SA areas increased by 8.45 M ha in MP, Bihar, UP, Karnataka and Punjab
Dryness and wetness are increasing in different parts of the country in the place of moderate climates existing earlier in these regions
Climate Change Impacts
-99.9
-66.6
-33.3
0.0
19
71
19
74
19
77
19
80
19
83
19
86
19
89
19
92
19
95
19
98
20
01
20
04
Year
Mo
istu
re In
dex (
%)
Arid
Semi-arid
Dry Subhumid
Sharing LGP at Nemmikal watershed, Nalgonda district, AP
Warming at Gulbarga, Karnataka
Increased Productivity and Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture
Current farmers’ yields are lower by 2 to 5 folds than the achievable yields
Vast potential of rainfed agriculture needs to be harnessed
Biological and chemical properties of semi arid tropical Vertisols in 1998 after 24 years of cropping under improved and traditional systems in catchments at
ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India
Properties System Soil depth SE
0-60 60-120
Soil respiration (kg C ha-1) Improved Conventional
723 260
342 98
7.8
Microbial biomass (kg C ha-1) Improved Conventional
2676 1462
2137 1088
48.0
Organic carbon ( t C ha-1) Improved Conventional
27.4 21.4
19.4 18.1
0.89
Mineral N (kg N ha-1) Improved Conventional
28.2 15.4
10.3 26.0
2.88
Net N mineralization (kg N ha-1) Improved Conventional
- 3.3 32.6
- 6.3 15.4
4.22
Microbial biomass N (kg N ha-1) Improved Conventional
86.4 42.1
39.2 25.8
2.3
Non-microbial organic N (kg N ha-1) Improved Conventional
2569 2218
1879 1832
156.9
Total N (kg N ha-1) Improved Conventional
2684 2276
1928 1884
156.6
Olsen P (kg P ha-1) Improved Traditional
6.1 1.5
1.6 1.0
0.36
Biological Nitrification Inhibition in Sorghum
Twenty five institutions in consortium mode worked together
Watershed development programs are benefiting rainfed areas:
B:C ratio of 2.01
IRR 21.43%
Enhanced rural incomes 50%
Increased productivity 35%
Joshi et al. 2008
CA Impact of Watershed Program in India
CA Recommendations
Watersheds need to be developed as business model
Promote Participatory monitoring, management, and efficiency use of water resources
Effective monitoring
One size fits all approach does not work
STEPs to Achieve Impact
S = Sustainability
T = Technology inputs
E = Equity
P = Participation
Less than 1% watersheds are economically non-remunerative
Two-thirds of watersheds’ performance can be improved
Seeing is Believing: Sites of Learning
Convergence
Collective action
Capacity building
Consortium for technical backstopping
Use of new science tools
A holistic participatory
approach
Continuous monitoring and evaluation
Linked on-station and Off-
station
Empowerment of community
and stakeholders
Mix of individual and community-
based interventions
Consortium for technical
backstopping
Adarsha Watershed, Kothapally, India: A Brightspot
Integrated Watershed Management Model
AWM Interventions Enhanced Groundwater Resilience in Adarsha Watershed, Kothapally
GW recharge increased by 50-80 %
• Convergence of WSPs under MoRD
• Linking of Research and Development programs
• Livelihood approach • New institutional and governance • Increased investments • More emphasis on CB measures
New Watereshed Guidelines
Soil health Improved cultivars Pests and disease management Markets, institutions and policy
support Need for integrated approach
Water Alone Can’t Do It
Stratified sampling method GIS-based interpolation method Soil characterization in seven districts of Karnataka
Sahrawat et al. 2007, Tina Geisler 2007
Soil Sampling Method at Micro-watershed and District Level Developed
Documented widespread deficiency of micronutrients
Percentage of farmers’ fields deficient in soil nutrients in different states of India
State No. of
farmers’ fields
Org.C %
Av.P ppm
K Ppm
S ppm
B ppm
Zn ppm
Andhra Pradesh 1927 84 39 12 87 88 81
Karnataka 1260 58 49 18 85 76 72
Madhya Pradesh 73 9 86 1 96 65 93
Rajasthan 179 22 40 9 64 43 24
Gujarat 82 12 60 10 46 100 82
Tamilnadu 119 57 51 24 71 89 61
Kerala 28 11 21 7 96 100 18
Sahrawat et al. 2007, Rego et al. 2007, Wani et al. 2007, and Srinivasa Rao et al. 2008
Balanced Nutrient Management
To innovate resource recovery from domestic and industrial wastewater and safe reuse
in agriculture
Water4Crops: Safe Reuse of wastewater in Agriculture
W4C Indian Consortium Partners
Bhoochetana: GoK-ICRISAT Innovative Scaling-up Initiative to Bridge Yield Gaps
Holistic Consortium Approach
Bhoo Chetana: A Novel Initiative
4.4 million farmers
3.7 million ha
Increased Crop Yields by 23 to 66 per cent for Small Farmholders
Mean yields of ragi, maize and soybean from farmers’ fields in different districts of Karnataka during kharif season 2009
36
%
39%
34%
23%
38%
26% 42
%
53%
Increased oil seed crop yields with improved management practices under Bhoochetana over farmers’ practice in different districts, rainy
season 2011
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2009 2010 2011 2012 Maize 4Years
2009 2010 2011 G.nut 3Years
Gra
in /
Pod
yie
ld (k
g ha
-1)
Farmers' practice
Improved practice
Haveri District Maize and Kolar District Groundnut crop yield data
31%
43%41%
33%
37%33%
33%
29%
44%
Haveri Maize Kolar Groundnut
Increased yields of maize in Haveri and groundnut in Kolar districts with improved management during 2009-2012
Bhoochetana: Improving Livelihoods
2066% yield increase
5% rise in agriculture growth annually
$ 230 million in four years
$ 1 invested = $ 314 return
Bhoochetana Benefits in Karnataka
Year
Area under Imp
Mgmt (m ha)
Production of Crops with
Imp Mgmt (m t)
Production of Crops with Farmers'
Mgmt (m t)
Increased Production with Imp
Mgmt (mt)
Value of Additional
Production with Imp Mgmt (Million $)
Cost of Inputs
(Million $)
Net Income
(Million $)
2012 0.49 1.44 1.12 0.33 94.0 12.0 82.1
2011 0.58 2.14 1.61 0.54 119.0 9.6 109.0
2010 0.18 0.41 0.34 0.12 41.2 4.1 37.2
2009 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.015 2.5 0.5 2.1
Total 1.27 4.10 3.10 1.01 256.7 26.2 230.4
4 Cs 4 Es
Consortium Efficiency
Convergence Equity
Capacity building Environment
Collective action/ Economic gain Cooperation
Important Pillars of Bhoochetana
Bhoochetana Plus: GoK-CGIAR Initiative
The overall goal is to improve livelihoods thru sustainable intensification of farming systems holistically by building partnerships and inclusive market oriented development
Bhoochetana Plus: Consortium
Convergence of seven CG centers, GoK Departments and SAUs.
Applying new innovations selected from the world
Building partnership and developing scaling-up model in four different revenue divisions comprising 10 Agro-Climatic Zones (ACZs)
Orientation of Task Force of CG centers and GoK departments led by Development Commissioner as Chair and Economic Advisor to Hon’ble Chief Minister as Co-chair
Bhoochetana Plus: Pilot and Innovations Sites
Four Revenue Divisions & Pilot Districts 1. Bengaluru
Tumkur
2. Mysore
Chikamangluru
3. Raichur
Raichur
4. Belgaum
Bijapur
South-South Partnerships
With ASARECA (nine countries in the areas of watershed management)
Exposure-cum-training visits by the senior researchers and policymakers from the ASARECA countries
Two international workshops in the area of watershed management in India and Kenya
Deputation of experts from India to Rwanda for consultation
Sharing of knowledge and expertise
New initiative with AGRA for piloting Bhoochetana
Experience sharing workshop between India, ICRISAT and SEA in IWMI
India-SSA Initative in Eight Countries for Scaling-up Model
Sustainable Intensification to bridge
the Yield Gaps in Africa through Soil
Test-based Nutrient Amendments
with Micronutrients (Bhoochetana)
ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consortium
Thank you!