Respiration!

What do all living organisms need to live?

Energy!Energy!

Living things need Living things need energyenergy to carry on their to carry on their life processes. Every cell must have a life processes. Every cell must have a constant supply of energy to stay alive. constant supply of energy to stay alive. Without energy, a cell dies within minutes. Without energy, a cell dies within minutes. Cells get the energy they need through a Cells get the energy they need through a process called process called cell respirationcell respiration. .

Cell Respiration

The process of converting food and oxygen The process of converting food and oxygen into energy that can be used by the body.into energy that can be used by the body.

Respiration Equation

CC66HH1212OO6 6 + O+ O22 CO CO22 + H + H22O + EnergyO + Energy

What is missing from the equation? What is missing from the equation? (do little people break molecules apart?)(do little people break molecules apart?)

Enzymes!!Enzymes!!

The reactants ( molecules before the arrow) for The reactants ( molecules before the arrow) for respiration are…respiration are…

CC66HH1212OO6 6 + O+ O22 CO CO22 + H + H22O + EnergyO + Energy

Food and oxygenFood and oxygen

The products ( molecules after the arrow) of respiration The products ( molecules after the arrow) of respiration are…are…

CC66HH1212OO6 6 + O+ O22 COCO22 + H + H22O + EnergyO + Energy

Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide WaterWater EnergyEnergy

COCO22 and and HH22OO are the cell’s waste and are are the cell’s waste and are

released from the cell. The main product released from the cell. The main product and the reason for the reaction is the and the reason for the reaction is the ENERGY produced.ENERGY produced.

How are COHow are CO22 and H and H22O released from the O released from the

body?body?

Storing the released energy

The energy that is released is “packaged” in The energy that is released is “packaged” in the bonds of a molecule called the bonds of a molecule called Adenosine Adenosine Tri-PhosphateTri-Phosphate which is abbreviated as which is abbreviated as ATPATP

ATP is made up of an adenosine part and a ATP is made up of an adenosine part and a phosphate part. How many phosphates phosphate part. How many phosphates would be in ATP? would be in ATP? 33 The T stands for tri The T stands for tri which means which means 33..

What elements are the high energy bonds What elements are the high energy bonds between?between?

Phosphorous and Oxygen

When these high energy bonds are broken When these high energy bonds are broken they release a lot of energy. they release a lot of energy.

When the cell needs energy, a high energy When the cell needs energy, a high energy bond is broken in ATP and the energy is bond is broken in ATP and the energy is released. ATP then becomes ADP. What released. ATP then becomes ADP. What do you think the D stands for? do you think the D stands for? DiDi How How many phosphate groups are in ADP? many phosphate groups are in ADP? 2 2

When one molecule of glucose breaks When one molecule of glucose breaks down, down, 3636 molecules of ATP are formed molecules of ATP are formed from ADP. That is a lot of energy from just from ADP. That is a lot of energy from just one molecule of glucose! But, in order to one molecule of glucose! But, in order to completely break down the glucose, completely break down the glucose, oxygenoxygen is needed. This is called is needed. This is called Aerobic Aerobic RespirationRespiration. Aerobic means with oxygen. . Aerobic means with oxygen.

Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration

Requires OxygenRequires Oxygen No Oxygen usedNo Oxygen used

36 ATP produced36 ATP produced 2 ATP produced2 ATP produced

Waste products are COWaste products are CO22

and Hand H22OOWaste products areWaste products are

Lactic acid or alcoholLactic acid or alcohol

Muscle fatigue and Oxygen debt

Anaerobic respiration causes a build up of Anaerobic respiration causes a build up of lactic acid. lactic acid.

Oxygen is needed to break the lactic acid Oxygen is needed to break the lactic acid down. down.

Respiration of fats and proteins

Glucose is the body’s preferred energy Glucose is the body’s preferred energy source.source.

Fats are the next to be used. They have Fats are the next to be used. They have twice the amount of energy.twice the amount of energy.

Proteins are the last to be used as energy. Proteins are the last to be used as energy. The body would rather used them as The body would rather used them as building materials.building materials.

Human Respiratory System

Function: Bring oxygen into the body and Function: Bring oxygen into the body and get rid of waste.get rid of waste.

Nasal cavity Warms, moistens, and cleans incoming air.Warms, moistens, and cleans incoming air.

Pharynx Throat… common passage way for food Throat… common passage way for food

and air.and air.

Epiglottis Flap of tissue that blocks the trachea when Flap of tissue that blocks the trachea when

swallowing food.swallowing food.

Trachea

Also known as the Also known as the WindpipeWindpipe

tube lined with cilia. tube lined with cilia. Transports and cleans air.Transports and cleans air.

Bronchi and Bronchioles

Tubes that Tubes that transport air to transport air to alveolialveoli

Alveoli Individual air sacs of the lungsIndividual air sacs of the lungs Oxygen and Carbon dioxide diffuse in and Oxygen and Carbon dioxide diffuse in and

out of the bloodout of the blood

Lungs Organ containing alveoli and bronchiolesOrgan containing alveoli and bronchioles

Mechanisms for gas exchange InhalationInhalation

Diaphragm contracts (moves down) and Diaphragm contracts (moves down) and chest cavity expands. Air moves from chest cavity expands. Air moves from high air pressure to low air pressure into high air pressure to low air pressure into the lungs. the lungs.

Exhalation:Exhalation: Diaphragm relaxes (moves up)Diaphragm relaxes (moves up) Chest cavity decreases in sizeChest cavity decreases in size Air moves out of lungsAir moves out of lungs

Malfunctions and diseases… Bronchitis: Bronchial tubes are swollen and Bronchitis: Bronchial tubes are swollen and

irritated. Lots of mucus is produced which irritated. Lots of mucus is produced which causes coughing.causes coughing.

Asthma: An irritant causes bronchioles to go into An irritant causes bronchioles to go into

spasmsspasms

Emphysema: A lung disease that damages alveoli and A lung disease that damages alveoli and

causes lungs to lose elasticity.causes lungs to lose elasticity.

Pneumonia Lungs fill with fluid and mucus due to a Lungs fill with fluid and mucus due to a

bacterial infection.bacterial infection.

Gas exchange in other organisms

Characteristics of a respiratory surface…Characteristics of a respiratory surface… 1. Must be thin1. Must be thin 2. Must be moist2. Must be moist 3. Must be in contact with source of 3. Must be in contact with source of

oxygenoxygen 4. In multicellular organisms, must be in 4. In multicellular organisms, must be in

contact with transport system.contact with transport system.

How other organisms breath Insects: Spiracles = holes in abdomenInsects: Spiracles = holes in abdomen

Fish = gillsFish = gills

Hydra: diffusionHydra: diffusion

Earthworm: skinEarthworm: skin

Protists (like an amobea) : diffusionProtists (like an amobea) : diffusion