Respiratory SystemGroup 7Agnote, DominicDato, LuisDe Leon, ElyssaCaañgay, Paulo Miguel A.Limun, Rolen Jerland M.Lopeña, Allijah Kates Barbie D.SY1322

Function of Respiratory System

• Gas exchange

• Regulation of blood pH

• Voice Production

• Olfaction

• Ventilation

UPPER TRACT

NOSE

• Consists of the External Nose and the

Nasal Cavity

External Nose

• The visible structure that forms a

prominent feature of the face.

• Composed of hyaline cartilage,

although the bridge of the external nose

consists of bone.

Nares –are the external openings of the nose.

Choanae – are the openings into the pharynx

Nasal Cavity

• Extends from Nares to the Choanae

• Is a large air filled space above and

behind the nose in the middle of the

face.• Paranasal sinuses:

- air filled spaces within bone

- open into nasal cavity

- lined with mucous

• Conchae:

- on each side of nasal cavity

- increase surface area of nasal cavity

- help in cleaning, humidifying, warming of air

• Nasolacrimal ducts:

- carry tears from eyes

- open into nasal cavity

PHARYNX

• The common passageway for both

respiratory and digestive systems

Divided into 3 Regions

LARYNX

– Maintain an open passageway for air movement

– Epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from moving into larynx

– Vocal folds are primary source of sound production

Inflammation of

Larynx is called

Laryngitis

LOWER TRACT

TRACHEA

• Membranous tube attached

to the larynx

• The posterior wall of the

Trachea has no cartilage

and consists of

ligamemtous membrane

and smooth muscle

Inflammation of the trachea is known

as tracheitis. When the trachea is inflamed

as well as the larynx and bronchi, this is

known as croup, which often causes a

distinct, barking cough.

BRONCHI

• The trachea divides into the left and

right main bronchi (Primary Bronchi)

*No gas exchange takes place in the bronchi

• The right main

bronchus is wider,

shorter, and more

vertical than the

left main bronchus.

• The left main

bronchus is

smaller in caliber

but longer than

the right, being

5 cm long.

LUNGS

• The human lungs are a pair

of large, spongy organs

optimized for gas

exchange between our

blood and the air.

• The principal organs of

respiration

• Respiratory disease is a medical term that

encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and

tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms,

and includes conditions of the upper respiratory

• tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural

cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing.

• Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting, such as

the common cold, to life-threatening entities like bacterial

pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and lung cancer.

• The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology. A

doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a

pulmonologist

PNEUMONIA

• is an inflammatory condition of

the lung affecting primarily the

microscopic air sacs known as alveoli

• It is usually caused by infection

with viruses or bacteria and less

commonly other microorganisms,

certain drugs and other conditions such

as autoimmune diseases.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Pneumonia is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical signs and a chest X-ray.

TUBERCULOSIS

• Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB (short for tubercle bacillus)

• Tuberculosis typically attacks the lungs, but can also affect

other parts of the body.

• It is spread through the air when people who have an active TB

infection cough, sneeze, or otherwise transmit respiratory fluids

through the air.

• Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent

tuberculosis. About one in ten latent infections eventually

progresses to active disease which, if left untreated, kills more

than 50% of those so infected.

• is a chronic bacterial infection that usually infects the lungs,

although other organs are sometimes involved.

• TB is primarily an airborne disease (spread by air droplets from

infected people when they cough or sneeze).

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

ASTHMA

• is a chronic, inflammatory disease in which the airways

become sensitive to allergens.(any substance that triggers

an allergic reaction). Several things happen to the airways

when exposed to certain triggers:

• Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes

of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness,

and coughing.

EMPHYSEMA

• is a form of chronic (long-

term) lung disease.

People with

emphysema have

difficulty breathing from a

limitation in blowing air

out.

• There are multiple causes

of emphysema,

but smoking is by far the

most common.

SARCOIDOSIS

• Sarcoidosis, also

called sarcoid, is a disease

involving abnormal

collections of inflammatory

cells (granulomas) that can

form as nodules in multiple

organs.

• The granulomas are most

often located in the lungs or

its associated lymph nodes,

but any organ can be

affected