Respiratory System

Objectives:1. Describe the structure of the

respiratory system. 10.012. Analyze the function of the

respiratory system. 10.023. Identify characteristics and

treatment of common respiratory disorders. 10.03

Respiratory System Includes the

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, lungs, and pleura.

Nasal Cavity Nasal

Septum=divides nasal cavities into R and L sides

Cilia- the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particles.

Sinuses- cavities in the skull

Connected to the nasal cavity, by ducts

Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten air

Sinuses give resonance to the voice.

Pharynx (throat)

Common passageway for air and food

5” long When food is swallowed,

the Epiglottis closes over the opening to the larynx preventing food from entering the lungs

Meet the Larynx

Larynx- voice box Triangular chamber

below the pharynx Within the larynx

are vocal cords Epiglottis covers

larynx during swallowing

Adam’s apple Produces sound Made of cartilage

fibrous plates

Meet the Trachea Windpipe. 4 ½ in. long. Walls are alternate

bands of membrane and C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to keep trachea open and more rigid

Lined with ciliated mucous membrane.

Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous.

Did Someone say Bronchi and Bronchioles are next? Lower end of

trachea divides into R and L bronchus

Become bronchial tubes and bronchioles as branches enter lungs

Passageway for air from trachea to alveoli in lungs

Alveoli Clusters of thin-walled

sacs made of single layer epithelial tissue

Inner surfaces covered with Surfactant to keep alveoli from collapsing

Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries

O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries (diffusion)

Lovely Lungs Fill the thoracic cavity Upper part=apex Lower part=base Lung tissue porous and

spongy –it floats R lung=larger and shorter

displaced by the liver and has 3 lobes

L lung smaller displaced by the heart and has 2 lobes

Pretty Pleura Thin, moist

slippery membrane that covers the lungs.

Double walled sac.

Space is pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction.

Test your gray matter…..What structure of the respiratory system is responsible for voice production?

Which body function is made possible by fibrous plates contained within the cartilage of the larynx?

The respiratory system ends in millions of tiny, thin walled sacs called:

What covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage?

The windpipe is referred to as the:

The wall of the trachea are made more rigid by the presence of:

Each lung is divided into two or three parts called:

When the trachea divides to enter both lungs, the tubes that are formed are called:

LarynxSpeech

AlveoliPleura

TracheaRings of Cartilage

LobesBronchi

The partition that separated the nose into right and left cavities is the:

The medical name for the throat is the:

Septum

Pharynx

That’s all for now….

Function of the Respiratory System

1. External respiration, internal respiration , and cellular respiration

2. Production of sound (vocal cords)

Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

Inspiration Inhalation

Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.

Pulmonary Ventilation

Expiration Opposite action

takes place. Exhalation is a

passive process

Respiratory Movements

1 inspiration + 1 expiration=1 respiration

Normal adult = 14-20Respirations per minute Increases with

exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.

Age-newborm= 40-60/min

Sleep= respiration Emotion can or rate

Coughing

Deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratory tract

Hiccups – spasm of the diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve.

Sneezing Air forced through

nose to clear respiratory tract

Yawning Deep prolonged

breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood

Control Breathing Breathing controlled by neural and chemical factors.Neural Factors

• Respiratory center located in the Medulla Oblongata

• on CO2 or O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center

• Phrenic Nerve- stimulates the diaphragm

Chemical Factors

Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood (respiratory center in the brain)

Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2

Test your gray matterRespirations would normally increase in number if there was an increase of:

Which of the following is initially sensed by the brain to control breathing?

Cilia located in the nasal epithelium performs the function of:

The normal number of breaths an adult takes each minute at rest is about:

Of the following, which is the correct pathway of air into the lungs?Start with larynx

Which body function is made possible by fibrous plates contained within the cartilage

of the larynx?

The part of respiration that involves taking air into lungs is called:

Carbon dioxide in the blood

CO2 level in blood

Filtering in the air

Trachea, bronchi, alveoli

14-20

Speech Inspiration

Respiratory Disorders

Common Cold Contagious viral

respiratory infection Contributing factors-

chilling fatigue,poor nutrition, and not enough sleep

Rx- stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition

Good handwashing best prevention.

Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)

Pharyngitis- red, inflammation throat

Laryngitis- Inflammation of the larynx or voice box

Symptoms- sore throat , hoarseness or loss of voice dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi

Symptoms-cough, fever, substernal paina nd rales (raspy sound)

Chronic bronchitis-middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause.

Bronchitis

Viral infection of upper respiratory tract

Symptoms-Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion

Rx – treat the symptoms

Influenza (Flu)

Infection of the lung Caused by bacteria

or virus Alveoli fill with thick

fluid Symptoms- chest pain,

fever, chills dyspnea Diagnosis- x-ray and

listening to lungs Rx- O2 and antibiotics

Pneumonia

Tuberculosis Infectious bacterial lung

disease Tubercles (lesions) forms

in the lungs Symptoms: cough, low

grade fever in the afternoon, weigh loss, night sweats

Diagnosis- TB skin test If skin test positive-follow

up with chest x-ray and sputum sample

RX- Antibiotic

TB Game

http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/tuberculosis/

Terms to know: Apnea Dyspnea Tachypnea

Tuberculosis

Due to the increase in immigration, homelessness and AIDS, the incidence of TB is increasing in the United States.

Inflammatory airway obstruction

Caused by allergen or psychological stress

5% of Americans have asthma

Symptoms: difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest

RX anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator.

Alveoli become over-dilated, lose their elasticity, can’t rebound, may eventually rupture

Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale-forced exhalation required

Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2

Dyspnea increases as disease progresses

RX – Alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2

Test your gray matter…Due to increase in illegal immigration, homelessness, and AIDS, the incidence of what disease is increasing in the US?

Kim experienced hoarseness for two days and loss of voice for three days. She most likely suffers from:

Which of the following disorders is characterized by distended alveoli that have lost their elasticity?

A respiratory infection which spreads quickly and results in the greatest loss in production hours each year is:

Cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, and night sweats are symptoms of what disease?

In which of the following diseases does dyspnea worsen as the disease progresses?

The two main causes of pneumonia are:

John comes into the ER with wheezing, dyspnea, and tightness in the chest. He is experiencing:

TB

Laryngitis EmphysemaCommon cold

TB Emphysema

Bacteria + Virus

Asthma

The most common cause of chronic bronchitis is:

Influenza is caused by a :

Cigarette Smoking

Virus