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International Journal of Electrical Electronics & Computer Science Engineering
Volume 4, Issue 6 (December, 2017) | E-ISSN : 2348-2273 | P-ISSN : 2454-1222
Available Online at www.ijeecse.com
68
Review of Transient Stability Enhancement in Multi-Machine Power System by
using Various Types of PSS & FACT’s Devices
G. B. Jadhav1, Dr. C. B. Bangal
2, Dr. Sanjeet Kanungo
3
1Ph.D. Scholar, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra
2Professor & Principal, RMD, Shinhgad School of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra
3Professor & Program Chair Marine Engineering, Tolani Maritme Institute, Pune, Maharashtra
gyandevj@tmi.tolani.edu, charudatta_bangal@yahoo.com, sanjeetk@tmi.tolani.edu
Abstract: This paper presents review of various techniques
used for enhancement of power system stability. Various
combinations of PSS’s and FACT’s devices such as the SVC-
based PID damping controller and PSS, STATCOM
controller, the SVC and the generic/multiband PSS,
MultiBand PSS, Dual input PSS, PSS and TCSC controllers,
FLPSS, UPFC and PSS and the MB-PSS which are used for
enhancing transient stability in power system are reviewed in
this paper. The information collected in this paper is sufficient
for finding out relevant references in the field of power system
stability.
Keywords: Transient Stability, FACTS controller, PSS.
I. INTRODUCTION
The power system is a highly nonlinear system that
operates in a constantly changing environment; loads,
generator outputs and key operating parameters change
continually. When subjected to a disturbance, the stability
of the system depends on the initial operating condition as
well as the nature of the disturbance. Increasingly
complex modern power systems require stability,
especially for transient and small disturbances. Transient
stability plays a major role in stability during fault and
large disturbance.[26]
The change in electromagnetic torque of a synchronous
machine following a perturbation can be resolved into two
components: Synchronizing torque component, in phase
with rotor angle deviation. Damping torque component,
in phase with the speed deviation. System stability
depends on the existence of both components of torque
for each of the synchronous machines. Lack of sufficient
synchronizing torque results in aperiodic or nonoscillatory
instability, whereas lack of damping torque results in
oscillatory instability. For convenience in analysis and for
gaining useful insight into the nature of stability
problems, it is useful to characterize rotor angle stability
in terms of the following two subcategories:
Small-disturbance (or small-signal) rotor angle stability is
concerned with the ability of the power system to
maintain synchronism under small disturbances.
In today’s power systems, small-disturbance rotor angle
stability problem is usually associated with insufficient
damping of oscillations. The aperiodic instability problem
has been largely eliminated by use of continuously acting
generator voltage regulators; however, this problem can
still occur when generators operate with constant
excitation when subjected to the actions of excitation
limiters (field current limiters). Small-disturbance rotor
angle stability problems may be either local or global in
nature. The time frame of interest in small-disturbance
stability studies is on the order of 10 to 20 seconds
following a disturbance. Large-disturbance rotor angle
stability or transient stability, as it is commonly referred
to, is concerned with the
ability of the power system to maintain synchronism
when subjected to a severe disturbance, such as a short
circuit on a transmission line. The resulting system
response involves large excursions of generator rotor
angles and is influenced by the nonlinear power-angle
relationship. Transient stability depends on both the initial
operating state of the system and the severity of the
disturbance. Instability is usually in the form of aperiodic
angular separation due to insufficient synchronizing
torque, manifesting as first swing instability. However, in
large power systems, transient instability may not always
occur as first swing instability associated with a single
mode; it could be a result of superposition of a slow
interarea swing mode and a local-plant swing mode
causing a large excursion of rotor angle beyond the first
swing .It could also be a result of nonlinear effects
affecting a single mode causing instability beyond the
first swing. - The time frame of interest in transient
stability studies is usually 3 to 5 seconds following the
disturbance. It may extend to 10–20 seconds for very
large systems with dominant inter-area swings.[1]-[2]-[3]
Mitigation of Transient Stability Problem:
The control actions at generator end to enhance the
system stability are either in terms of excitation system or
power system stabilizers or at mechanical end of power
plants. Fig.1 show the general structure of primary control
system to enhanced transient stability at generator end
side in the system [19].
International Journal of Electrical Electronics & Computer Science Engineering
Volume 4, Issue 6 (December, 2017) | E-ISSN : 2348-2273 | P-ISSN : 2454-1222
Available Online at www.ijeecse.com
69
Fig. 1. Physical Structures of Basic Control Scheme [19]
Negative Damping Due to Voltage Regulator:
It is generally recognized that the normal feedback control
actions of voltage regulators and speed governors on
generating units have the potential of contributing
negative damping which can cause undamped modes of
dynamic oscillations.[3]-[4]
Fig. 2. Block Diagram of Generator Under Voltage
Regulator
Any change in the terminal voltage magnitude ET from
the reference set point provides an error signal (Ae) to the
voltage regulator, which calls for a change in excitation
level. The major delay in this voltage feedback loop is due
to the response in machine flux (Eq) for a change in
generator field voltage (EFD) this delay is due to the large
inductance of the generator field winding. For a generator
on-line, this delay can be represented by a time constant
Tq which is usually about 2 seconds. [3],[4]
The swing equation:
(1)
where
δ = rotor angle in radians;
ωO = angular speed of rotor (the base or rated value ωO =
377 rad/s);
Tm = mechanical torque in per unit;
Te = electrical torque in per unit;
H = combined turbogenerator inertia constant expressed
in megawatt seconds per megavolt ampere.
(2)
where
Ks = synchronizing coefficient;
KD = damping coefficient;
Δδ = rotor angle change;
ω = angular speed of rotor;
Δ = change.
From equation (2), it can be seen that for positive values
of Ks, the synchronizing-torque component opposes
changes in the rotor angle from the equilibrium point (i.e.,
an increase in rotor angle will lead to a net decelerating
torque, causing the unit to slow down, relative to the
power system, until the rotor angle is restored to its
equilibrium point Δδ = 0). Similarly, for positive values
of KD, the damping-torque component opposes changes
in the rotor speed from the steady-state operating point. A
generator will remain stable as long as there are sufficient
positive synchronizing and damping torques acting on its
rotor for all operating conditions.
Fig. 3. Response of Speed and Angle to Small
Disturbances. [4]
The relationship between rotor speed and electrical power
following small disturbances is shown in Fig.3. A number
of factors can influence the damping coefficient of a
synchronous generator, including the generator’s design,
the strength of the machine’s interconnection to the grid,
and the setting of the excitation system. While many units
have adequate damping coefficients for normal operating
conditions, they may experience a significant reduction in
the value of KD following transmission outages, leading
to unacceptably low damping ratios. In extreme situations,
the damping coefficient may become negative, causing
the electromechanical oscillations to grow and,
eventually, causing a loss of synchronism. This form of
instability is normally referred to as dynamic.[3]-[4]
International Journal of Electrical Electronics & Computer Science Engineering
Volume 4, Issue 6 (December, 2017) | E-ISSN : 2348-2273 | P-ISSN : 2454-1222
Available Online at www.ijeecse.com
70
II. POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER (PSS)
Since voltage regulator control can act to reduce the
damping of unit oscillations by sensing terminal voltage,
it seem reasonable that a supplementary signal to the
voltage regulator can increase damping by sensing some
additional measurable quantity. In doing so, not only can
the undamping effect of voltage regulator control he
cancelled, but damping can be increased so as to allow
operation even beyond the steady-state stability limit.
This is the basic idea behind the power system stabilizer.
The supplementary signal of a PSS may be derived from
such quantities as changes in shaft speed (Δω), generator
electrical frequency (Δf)), or electrical power
(ΔPE).[3],[15]
PSS is designed to work together with generator
excitation system in order to produce positive damping
torque to ensure system stability in which can be explain
by torque vector diagram as Fig.4 below, K1 is
synchronizing torque, K1A is synchronizing torque by
AVR and K1P is synchronizing torque by PSS. Where D
is damping torque DA is damping torque by AVR and DP
is damping torque by PSS.[15]
Fig.4. AVR + PSS Torque Characteristic Diagram[15]
For proper damping action, PSS control settings must he
determined, involving the lead, lag, and gain adjustments
of the stabilizer. Since the dynamic response of a unit
involves both the machine and the external system, such
settings may vary from unit to unit. Also, particular PSS
settings designed to suppress intertie oscillations may not
be effective in damping local machine/system oscillations.
Therefore, tuning procedures for PSS generally involve
both a field test and a study of the machine and system.[3]
Types of Power System Stabilizers
PSS Type Block Diagram Brief Description
Conventional
or Generic
Type PSS
1.The model consists of a low-pass filter, a general gain, a washout
high-pass filter, a phase-compensation system, and an output
limiter.
2. The general gain K Determines damping . The washout high-
pass filter eliminates low frequencies. The phase compensation
system is represented by a cascade of two first-order lead-lag
transfer functions used to compensate the phase lag between the
excitation voltage and the electrical torque of the synchronous
machine.[11],[18]
Dual input
CPSS
The two inputs to dual-input PSS are Δω and ΔPe, with two
frequency bands, lower frequency and higher frequency bands,
unlike the conventional single input (Δω) PSS. The performance of
IEEE type PSS3B is found to be the best one within the periphery
of the studied system model.
Multiband
Power
System
Stabilizer
1.The multiband power system stabilizer have adjustable working
band to control the different mode of oscillation.
2. Three separate bands are used, respectively dedicated to the low-
,intermediate-,and high-frequency modes of oscillations
3. The outputs of the three bands are summed and passed through a
final limiter producing the stabilizer output Vstab.[11]
International Journal of Electrical Electronics & Computer Science Engineering
Volume 4, Issue 6 (December, 2017) | E-ISSN : 2348-2273 | P-ISSN : 2454-1222
Available Online at www.ijeecse.com
71
Fuzzy Logic
PSS
(FLPSS)
1.The fuzzy controller, used in power system stabilizer, normally
consists of a two-input and a
single-output component.
2.The two inputs are Δω and (Δω)’, and
the output of the FLPSS is a voltage signal, applied to auxiliary
control of excitation system.[5]
Review of Different PSS Techniques:
A. PID Control Approach: PID is used for stabilization in
the system. The input is the change in speed from the
generator. The aim is to control the angle between load
and speed of generator. The PSS parameters are tuned
from Open loop transfer function to close loop based on
Fuzzy logic. Therefore, the open loop transfer function
and maximum peak response parameter make the
objective function which is used to adjust PID parameters.
B. LAG-LEAD Design: The washout block is used to
reduce the over response of the damping during extreme
events. Since the PSS produces a component of electrical
torque in phase with speed deviation, phase lead blocks
circuits can be used to compensate for the lag between the
PSS output and the control action(hence lead-lag). It
proves its value when the disturbance is multi natured.
C. Pole Placement Method: The pole placement method is
applied to tune the decentralized output feedback of the
PSS. The objective function is selected to ensure the
location of real parts and damping ratios of all electro
mechanical modes. At the end of the iterative process, all
the electromechanical modes will be moved to the region
if the objective function converges to zero.
D. Model predictive Control: It can handle non linarites
and constraints in saturated way for any process model. In
these techniques an explicit dynamic model of a plant is
used to predict the effect of future actions of manipulated
variables on the output.
E. Linear Matrix Inequalities: The important feature is the
possibility of combining design constraints into a single
convex optimization problem.it is used in many
engineering related problems. The condition that the pole
of a system should lay within this region in the complex
plane can be formulated as an LMI constraint.
F. Linear Quadratic Regulator: These are well known as
compared to lag-lead stabilizers. This is used as a state
feedback controller. A coordinated LQR design can be
obtained with Heffron- Phillips Model and it can be
implemented by using the information available within
the power system. During the presence of faults even
these methods prove to be stable.
G. Genetic Algorithm: Genetic algorithm is independent
of complexity of performance parameters and to place the
finite bounds on the optimized parameters [8]. As a result
it is used to tune multiple controllers in different operating
conditions or to enhance the power system stability via
PSS and SVC based stabilizer when used independently
and through different applications.
H. Fuzzy Logic Control: These are rule based controllers.
The structure of this logic resembles that of a knowledge
based controller; it uses principle of fuzzy set theory in its
data interpretation and data logic. It has excellent
response with small oscillations. The controller is robust
and works effectively under all types of disturbance. It
has very short computation time.
I. Neural Network: Neural Network is used to
approximate the complex non-linear dynamics of power
system. Magnitude constraint of the activators is modelled
as saturated non-linearity and is used in Lyapnov‟s
stability analysis [9] [10]. The overshoot is nearly same as
conventional PSS but settling time is drastically reduced.
J. Anfis PSS: The actual design method may be chosen
based on real time application and dynamic performance
characteristics. If the training data and algorithm are
selected properly then good performance can be observed.
1.5 Different Issues with Conventional Controller/Model.
[20]
Various Facts Controllers for Enhancing Power System
Control:
• Synchronous compensator static (STATCOM)
• Static var Compensator (SVC) -Checking the voltage
• Controller of supply flow unified (UPFC)
• Compensator of convertible series (CSC)
• Inter-Contrôleur power flow of phase (IPFC)
• Serial Controller Static synchronous (SSSC)
• Thyristor controlled series compensator (TEAC)-
Check the impedance
• Thyristor controlled dephasing of the transformer
(angle of controls) TCPST
• Storage of magnetic energy super conduct (SMES)-
Control of voltage and power[5]-[6]-[7]-[8]-[9]
International Journal of Electrical Electronics & Computer Science Engineering
Volume 4, Issue 6 (December, 2017) | E-ISSN : 2348-2273 | P-ISSN : 2454-1222
Available Online at www.ijeecse.com
72
III. RESULTS COMPARISON
S. No. Fact’s and PSS
Combination Result Comparison Simulation
1.
The coordinated design
of the SVC-based lead-
lag damping controller
and PSS compared to the
coordinated design of the
SVC-based PID damping
controller and PSS.
[7]
The results of the simulations suggest that
transient stability was dramatically improved
by the coordinated design of the SVC-based
lead-lag damping controller and PSS
compared to the coordinated design of the
SVC-based PID damping controller and PSS,
and to the non coordinated criteria.
2.
Swarm intelligence based
coordinated controller
(PID+PSS) [20]
From the literature review many
developments have seen in optimization of
PSS using various techniques. Many
researchers developed advanced control
design approaches such as intelligent control,
adaptive control and robust control for power
system stabilization and oscillation damping.
But the existing controllers need more
iteration and had computational burden to
optimize the parameters for wide range of
operating conditions. The proposed PID
based PSS controller significantly suppress
the oscillations of the rotor speed and power
angle. Swarm Intelligence algorithm may use
to solve the optimization problem and explore
for an optimal set of PID gains and PSS
parameters.
3.
Coordination between the
STATCOM controller
and the MB-PSS
[8]
Solves the problem of power system
stabilization by using the advanced static
synchronous shunt compensator STATCOM
to increase the damping of electromechanical
oscillations of the power system and regulates
the system voltage by absorbing or generating
reactive power to the system. Also, a multi-
band power system stabilizer MB-PSS is
developed to get a moderate phase advance at
International Journal of Electrical Electronics & Computer Science Engineering
Volume 4, Issue 6 (December, 2017) | E-ISSN : 2348-2273 | P-ISSN : 2454-1222
Available Online at www.ijeecse.com
73
all frequencies of interest in order to
compensate for the inherent lag between the
field excitation and the electrical torque
induced to ensure robust oscillation damping.
A combined control of STATCOM with MB-
PSS is proposed also in this paper to give
more increase of the oscillation damping that
improves power system stability.
4.
Coordinated control of
the SVC and the
generic/multiband
PSS [11]
The multi-machine power system is simulated
using MATLAB and the effect of PSS and
SVC on dynamic response of the system
under single-phase fault and three-phase fault
are simulated. It can be concluded that the
coordinated control of the SVC and the
generic/multi-band PSS is an effective
solution to damp low frequency oscillation
for multi machine power system. On the other
hand, the SVC or PSS alone lacks the ability
to damp oscillation under extreme grid
disturbances. Hence, for the practical power
system, the coordinated control of the SVC
and multi-band PSS provides usefull mean to
enhance global electromechanical stability.
5 AVR+multiband PSS
[13]
Multiband PSS is designed to absorb all the
disturbances that occur in electrical networks,
these disturbances induce electromechanical
oscillations in power systems.
By equipping this power system with a
conventional regulation (AVR + generic PSS)
the oscillations are damped gradually and
their amplitude is less important. Using
Multiband PSS instead of conventional PSS,
these power oscillations are damped
completely and the power system returns to
its stability from the third second, with a
modern multiband PSS, get a better response
time.
6 MultiBand PSS [18]
MB-PSS is better than generic PSS and able
to stabilize the grid system in which may
damp the disturbances.
The MB-PSS signal can modulate the set
point of the generator voltage regulator so as
to improve damping of the system.
The MB-PSS can work on both local area and
inter-area of electromechanical oscillations.
International Journal of Electrical Electronics & Computer Science Engineering
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7 Dual input PSS compare
to single input PSS [22]
The optimal parameters of dual input
conventional pss, PSS3B is obtained using
pole placement and genetic algorithm
technique and are simulated to analyse the
dynamic response in both the cases.
The technique of computing parameters
becomes complex with the increase in number
of machines in case of pole placement
technique where as the technique of Genetic
Algorithm can be used to compute optimal
parameters of PSS for wide range of
operating conditions in power system and
also can be implemented for multi-machine
system. The settling time of the PSS is less in
case of Genetic Algorithm technique when
compared to Pole Placement Technique.
8
PSS + TCSC (Thyristor
Controlled Series
Compensation )
[21]
In this study, a coordination design of TCSC
and PSS stabilizers is proposed. The tuning
parameters of the proposed stabilizer were
optimized using PSO. The proposed stabilizer
have been applied and tested on a weakly
connected multi machine power system under
severe disturbance. The eigenvalues analysis
and the nonlinear time domain simulation
results show the effectiveness of the proposed
stabilizer and its ability to provide good
damping of low frequency oscillation and
improve greatly the system voltage profile.
9
PID+PSS+TCDB
(Proportional integral
derivative+ Pss +
Thyristor Controlled
Dynamic Brake) [9]
It can be concluded the PID controller in
combination with other controller is effective
in the improvement of settling time and ISE.
The minimum settling time of 1.395 has been
observed for TCDB. The minimum ISE of
0.1425 has been rendered by PSS-TCDB
controller. The TCDB acts only in the
acceleration period results in more ISE as
compared to PSS with acts in acceleration and
retardation period. The controller has been
tuned for minimum Integral of Squared Error
(ISE) in generator load angle.
International Journal of Electrical Electronics & Computer Science Engineering
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10 FLPSS [19]
Shown in figure 24 comparison is made
between Fuzzy logic based Power System
Stabilizer and Convention Power System
Stabilizer in terms of Rotor angle v/s Time.
From the result it can be conclude that the
FLPSS can damp oscillation fast as compare
to convention PSS and within 11 second it’s
make signal completely stable, on the other
side PSS take more time to stable the rotor
angle of the generator in case of 3 phase to
ground fault in the system.
11 PSS+UPFC [25]
PSS can be provided with three input signals,
out of which power is given as an input to
PSS in the power system considered in the
simulation section. Along with operating
principle of UPFC, its steady state model is
also derived which conveys the power flow
control range of UPFC.
A power system model is considered which is
connected in loop configuration, consist of
five buses interconnected through
transmission lines (L1, L2, L3) and three
phase fault is applied on line L1. The output
waveforms indicate that damping time of
voltage and power variations is considerably
reduced by the introduction of UPFC and PSS
into the power system.
12
Fuzzy Logic Power
System Stabilizer and
Static VAR Compensator
[5]
The FLPSS is compared with CPSS, with and
without presence of SVC. Simulation results
indicate that using of FLPSS and SVC
together, may improve transient stability of
the power system much more in contrast to
CPSS and SVC, and also indicate that SVC
has a serious effect on transient stability and
voltage control. It can be observed, from Fig.,
that in the case of “no SVC”, the power
system quickly lose its stability after three-
phase fault clearing.
International Journal of Electrical Electronics & Computer Science Engineering
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13
PSS with Fuzzy-PI based
TCSC
Controller[10]
PSS with Hybrid Fuzzy-PI based TCSC
Controller turning is proposed for damping
power system oscillations and the
effectiveness of the proposed control system
is compared with Conventional PI based
TCSC Controller and Lead-Lag (LL) based
TCSC Controller. To evaluate the usefulness
of the proposed Fuzzy-PI controller, it
performed the computer simulation for single-
machine infinite bus system. Simulation
result shows that Fuzzy-PI controller has a
better control performance than PI and LL
controllers in terms of settling time and
damping effect when the three-phase fault
occurs under different loading conditions
14
Power system stabilizer
(PSS) and Shunt
capacitor [27]
In this paper modeling and transient stability
analysis of the IEEE 9 BUS multi machine
system using the electrical Transient analyzer
program (ETAP) software has been done to
observe the effect of power system stabilizer
(PSS) and shunt capacitor. A three phase fault
has been created at Bus 7, to analyze the
effect of fault and by using the PSS and shunt
capacitor to the transient stability
improvement has been observed. Transient
stability improvement has been tested to three
phase fault at bus 7 after 0.1 second and fault
has been cleared after 0.3 seconds by use of
PSS and shunt capacitor method for the test
system the oscillation for generator electrical
power has been reduced and steady state
power transfer has been enhanced.
IV. LITERATURE REVIEW
Michel J. Basler, IEEE Task Force on Power System
Stabilizers and Prabha Kundur, provides classification of
power system stability and fundamentals of the PSS and
its effectiveness applied to improve the stability.
X. Lei, explained tuning procedure for conventional PSSs
in a multi-machine power system based on the non-linear
optimization algorithm.
Apoorv H Prajapati, Gowrishankar Kasilingam, Radhey
Krishna Gopal Ehsan,Afzalan, P. PAVAN KUMAR and
Moudud Ahmed explained different types of
design(optimization) methods of power system stabilizers
and also the concept of power system stability
importance. However, swarm intelligence technique and
the Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)
design technique are better compare to the other design
techniques proved to be able to overcome the limitations
by other methods.
K madhuri and Ritesh Ukandrao Chirde studied the
interaction between the PSS and UPFC controllers. They
found damping time of voltage and power variations is
considerably reduced by the introduction of UPFC and
PSS into the power system.
Seyed Reza Moasheri and Dilip Parmar studied
comparison between Fuzzy logic based Power System
Stabilizer and Convention Power System Stabilize. Seyed
Reza Moasheri combined FLPSS and SVC together and
saw fast improvement in transient stability.
Rajendraprasad Narne proposed that Fuzzy-PID controller
for better damping effect. Ali Darvish FALEHI and
Radhey Krishna Gopal gives the combination of 2 lead-
lag and PID structures as supplementary damping
controllers for the SVC and CPSS to enhance the stability
of the power system.
Lin Xu, Gaber Shabib, Chérif N, Jeremias Leda and
Seung-Mook Baek are made a comparative study between
conventional PSS and multiband PSS. Multiband PSS
International Journal of Electrical Electronics & Computer Science Engineering
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77
offers an additional advantage since it produces a signal
stabilizing not only from the variation of the angular
velocity of the rotor as well as electrical power. Lin Xu
combined SVC and multi-band PSS and explained nicely
to enhance global electromechanical stability.
Divya Prakash and Abhijit N Morab are obtained better
response in terms of power swing on implementation of
PSS. Khoshnaw Khalid Hama Saleh compared PSS and
SVC. He observed that SVC improves damping
oscillation and enhance transient stability better than PSS.
D. Sabapathia and Dr. R. Anitab, studied and suggested
that the combination of AVR, Governor and PSS
maintains synchronism during all kinds of faults
Neha Maithil, she done Comparative study of PSS and
combination of PSS and TCSC controller. Due to effect of
TCSC, she obtained improvement in transient
performance of SMIB under symmetrical three phase
fault. TCSC is most important and best known series
controllers which has been employed for many years to
enhance power transfer capability of line as well enhance
the system stability.
Balwinder Singh Surjan, In this paper a comparison of
PID, PSS, TCDB controllers is presented through small
signal stability of power system comprising of one
machine connected to infinite bus and modeled through
six K-constants. The power system components such as
synchronous machine, exciter, power system stabilizer,
PID, TCDB are also modeled after linearization of
governing equations.
Rampreet Manjhi, in his paper he combined power system
stabilizer (PSS) and shunt capacitor for transient stability
improvement. He found that oscillation for generator
electrical power has been reduced and steady state power
transfer has been enhanced.
S. I. Barde, In his research he compared D-FACTS
technology with FACTS technology. He found that D-
FACTS technology provides more reliable approach to
enhance power transfer capabilities and transient stability
of power system than FACTS technology. He used DSSC
with fuzzy logic controller along with PSS as
supplementary controller.
V. CONCLUSION BASED ON SURVEY
If we write the conclusion on above survey, it will be
divided in four parts. First part is on fundamentals of PSS
and its effectiveness applied to improve the stability,
second part is on various design methods of PSS, third
part is on combination of various facts devices with
various types of PSS and fourth part is on D-Fact
technology with PSS. In the second part, Swarm
intelligent technique and ANFIS design technique are
better. PID control and Genetic algorithm methods may
come on second position for design of PSS. In third part
authors are used combinations for improvement of
transient stability and these are PSS+UPFC,
FLPSS+SVC, Lead-lag-PID to SVC+CPSS,
MBPSS+SVC, PSS+TCSC, PSS+shunt capacitor. In
fourth part used DSSC with fuzzy logic controller along
with PSS. All above combinations are used for
improvement in transient stability and power transfer
capabilities. The combined FLPSS +SVC or PSS+TCSC
or MBPSS+SVC or MBPSS+STATCOM together gives
fast improvement in T.S. PSS & UPFC reduced damping
time of voltage and power variations. T.S. also improved
by DSSC with fuzzy logic controller along with PSS.
PSS+shunt capacitor reduces the oscillations of generator.
.MB-PSS is better than generic PSS and able to stabilize
the grid system in which may damp the disturbances. The
MB-PSS signal can modulate the set point of the
generator voltage regulator so as to improve damping of
the system. The MB-PSS can work on both local area and
inter-area of electromechanical oscillations. Hence, for
the practical power system, the coordinated control of the
SVC and multi-band PSS provides usefull mean to
enhance global electromechanical stability. From above
combination, FLPSS +SVC & MBPSS+SVC are the best
combination for T.S. improvement. But, still we can find
the gap and we can use the other combinations like
FLPSS+UPFC instead of generic PSS+UPFC or MBPSS
and shunt capacitor or MBPSS and UPFC or DFACT
technology with PSS with Swarm intelligent technique.
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