Post on 17-Jul-2015
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Name two processes of river erosion and
explain.
Name two processes of river transport and
explain.
What landforms can you find in the upper
course of a river?
What landforms can you find in the
middle course of a river?
What landforms can you find in the lower
course of a river?
Explain the formation of a
waterfall.
Rivers Rivers Rivers
Rivers Rivers Rivers
Name two processes of river erosion and explain.
Abrasion: rocks carried by the river wear down the
river bed.Solution: soluble particles are dissolved into the river
Name two processes of river transport and explain.
Traction: heaviest particles are rolled along the river
bedSaltation: sand-sized
particles may be bounced along the rive bed in a leap-
frog motion
What landforms can you find in the upper course of a
river?‘V’ shaped valleys, gorges, waterfalls and interlocking
spurs
What landforms can you find in the middle course of a
river?Meanders and Ox-bow lakes
can be found.
What landforms can you find in the lower course of a
river? Mudflats, Deltas, Floodplains and Estuaries can be found
in the lower course.
Explain the formation of a waterfall.
Water flows over a layer of hard rock onto a layer of
soft rock. This then begins to erode by hydraulic action. An overhang begins to occur
and the hard rock eventually collapses due to gravity. Abrasion can now erode more and repeat the
process.
Rivers Rivers Rivers
Rivers Rivers Rivers
What are the physical causes of
flooding?
What are the human causes of flooding?
What is soft engineering?
What is hard engineering?
What is a dam?Name two ways in which rivers can be
managed.
Rivers Rivers Rivers
Rivers Rivers Rivers
What are the physical causes of flooding?
Rainfall, Antecedent Rainfall (saturated ground),
Soli/Rock type, Relief, Weather
What are the human causes of flooding?
Deforestation, Soil Erosion, Farming, Building
What is soft engineering?Techniques that are
ecologically sensitive and provide options for flooding
What is hard engineering? Direct human impact on the
river to manage flooding.
What is a dam?Physical structure that holds back water along the course of a river, which can release
water in a controlled way
Name two ways in which rivers can be managed.
Damn construction, River engineering, Afforestation,
Managed flooding
Rivers Rivers Rivers
Rivers Rivers Rivers
What is a storm surge?
Climactic Hazards
How can tropical storms be predicted?
Climactic Hazards
What are the advantages of
predicting a storm?
Climactic Hazards
What are some secondary impacts
How do building techniques reduce
the impact of tropical storms?
Climactic Hazards
What can governments do to
reduce the impact of a tropical storm?
Climactic Hazards
What are the primary effects of tropical
storm?
Climactic Hazards
What is a storm surge?Large rises in sea level
caused by low pressure and high winds of a storm.
Climactic Hazards
How can tropical storms be predicted?
Scientists use data from equipment such as radar, satellites and aircraft to track storms. Computer
models are used to calculate a predicted path for the
storm.
Climactic Hazards
What are the advantages of predicting a storm?Gives people time to
evacuate, reducing injuries and death. Also gives time to protect homes and business
by boarding up windows
Climactic Hazards
What are some secondary impacts How do building
techniques reduce the impact of tropical storms?Using reinforced concrete, fixing roofs securely, put buildings on stilts so they are safe from floodwater, flood defences such as sea
walls and levees
Climactic Hazards
What can governments do to reduce the impact of a
tropical storm?Educate people about how to prepare e.g. told how to
make a survival kit, including water, food and medication. Told how to
evacuate
Climactic Hazards
What are the primary effects of tropical storm?
Buildings and bridges destroyed, flooding, people
injured or killed, roads, railways, ports and airports
damaged, electricity and telephone cables damaged,
crops and livestock lost, erosion
Climactic Hazards
Why is it difficult to define a drought?
Climactic Hazards
Describe 2 causes of droughts.
Climactic Hazards
What are ways you can reduce the
impacts of drought in an MEDC?
Climactic Hazards
What are some secondary impacts of
droughts?
Climactic Hazards
Why in the Sahel Region did the drought turn into a full blown famine, yet in the UK
we have simply introduced a hose pipe
ban?
Climactic Hazards
What type of climatic zones are prone to
drought?
Climactic Hazards
Why is it difficult to define a drought?
Because the length of a drought can differ globally. E.g. A drought in the UK can signify 16 months without average rainfall, but in the
Sahel region in Africa it could signify a decade!
Climactic Hazards
Describe 2 causes of droughts.
Changes in atmospheric circulation means there
might not be as much rain. High pressure system which
prevents a depression moving into the area.
Climactic Hazards
What are ways you can reduce the impacts of drought in an MEDC?
Don’t water the lawn, don’t wash the car, don’t fill a new
pool, don’t wash hard surfaces.
Climactic Hazards
What are some secondary impacts of droughts?
People and animals die from dehydration/famine. Farms
close causing unemployment. Wildfires.
Climactic Hazards
Why in the Sahel Region did the drought turn into a full blown famine, yet in the UK we have simply introduced a
hose pipe ban?Different levels of
development, access to alternative water and food sources, length of drought.
Climactic Hazards
What type of climatic zones are prone to drought?
Areas of high and very high aridity. Generally found near the equator or between 30o
N and S.
Climactic Hazards
What is the difference between
the Richter and Mercali Scale?
How do tectonic plates move?
Tectonic Hazards
What is the difference between the focus and the
epicentre
What is the different between plate movement for
constructive and destructive plate
boundaries?
What are the primary effects of an earhquake?
How can the impacts of an earthquake be
reduced?
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
What is the difference between the Richter and
Mercali Scale?Richter measures the
magnitude of an earthquake. Mercali measures the amount of destruction
How do tectonic plates move?
Convection currents in the mantle
Tectonic Hazards
What is the difference between the focus and the
epicentre?The focus is the origin of the
earthquake within the Earth’s crust. The epicentre is located directly above the focus on the Earth’s surface.
What is the different between plate movement for constructive and destructive
plate boundaries?Constructive move apart
Destructive move together and the oceanic is sub
ducted.
What are the primary effects of an earthquake?
Landslides/tsunamis triggered. Roads, buildings
and bridge collapse. Electricity and telephone
poles destroyed.
How can the impacts of an earthquake be reduced?
Creating stronger buildings, education, planning and aid.
Tectonic Hazards Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards Tectonic Hazards Tectonic Hazards
Why do people live near volcanoes?
Tectonic Hazards
What is a lahar?
What is the different types of volcanoes
between a constructive and destructive plate
boundary?
What are pyroclastic flows?
What are the secondary effects of
volcanoes?
What are the four layers of the Earth?
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
Why do people live near volcanoes?
Mineral rich soil for farming, tourism, geothermal energy
used in electricity production, extracting minerals from volcano.
Tectonic Hazards
What is a lahar?A combination of mud, rock.
Pyroclastic material and water that can travel tens of
metres a second.
What is the different types of volcanoes between a
constructive and destructive plate boundary?
Constructive – usually shield, gentle eruption, ash
ad lavaDestructive – composite, explosive, lava and ash
What are pyroclastic flows?Avalanches of hot volcanic
debris
What are the secondary effects of volcanoes?
Homes destroyed, thick mud deposits from lahars, death
and injury, can be high £ cost.
What are the four layers of the Earth?
Crust, Mantle, Outer Core,Inner Core
Tectonic Hazards Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards Tectonic Hazards Tectonic Hazards
What are destructive waves?
What are constructive waves?
What is weathering?
Explain how different geology can affect
the coast.
Describe a reason for protecting the
coastline.
Describe what longshore drift is.
Coasts Coasts Coasts
CoastsCoasts Coasts
What are destructive waves?Associated with storm
conditions. Backwash is stronger than swash, so
material is removed.
What are constructive waves?
Associated with high pressure systems. Swash is stronger than backwash, so
material is deposited.
What is weathering?Weathering is the break down of material in-situ.
Explain how different geology can affect the coast.
Variation of hard and soft rock. Hard rock can form
headlands. Soft rock can be eroded to form bays
Describe a reason for protecting the coastline.
Social – nice place for peopleEconomic – prevent flooding
Environmental – protect natural habitat.
Describe what longshore drift is.
A zig-zag motion of material that moves down shore in
the direction of the prevailing wind.
Coasts Coasts Coasts
Coasts Coasts Coasts
Describe how cliff retreat occurs.
Name and describe two types of erosion.
Name 3 coastal features
What are 3 types of weathering?
Describe 2 types of hard engineering.
Describe 2 types of soft engineering
Coasts Coasts Coasts
CoastsCoasts Coasts
Name and describe two types of erosion.
Hydraulic Action – force of water that causes air to go
into cracks. Attrition – pebbles hit each other and become smaller
and rounder
Describe how cliff retreat occurs.
Waves at the high tide mark attack the base of the cliff
hydraulic action and abrasion wear away at the
bottom of the cliff creating a wave cut notch. This
eventually becomes large enough where the overhang
collapses and the process repeats
Name 3 coastal featuresCave, stack, stump, arch,
wave-cut platform, wave-cut notch
What are 3 types of weathering?
PhysicalBiologicalChemical
Describe 2 types of hard engineering.
Groynes trap sediment that would be carried by
longshore driftSea wall – made out of concrete or stone at the
base of cliff which reflects wave energy.
Describe 2 types of soft engineering
Beach nourishment uses sediment to replace the lost
sediment from longshore drift.
Managed retreat – allowing the coastline to erode
naturally
CoastsCoasts
Coasts
CoastsCoasts Coasts
What is the population distribution?
What is the population density?
What are factors that decrease birth rate?
What does the Demographic Transition Model show and how
many stages are there?
How do birth rate, death rate and life expectancy
vary between a LEDC and an MEDC?
What causes an aging population?
Population Population
Population
Population
Population Population
What is the population distribution?
How people are spread out over the globe.
What is the population density?
The average number of people per square kilometre.
What are factors that decrease birth rate?
Better health care, family planning, women choosing a career first, couples having
children later.
What does the Demographic Transition Model show and
how many stages are there?The model shows change in
population over time and there are 4 stages.
How do birth rate, death rate and life expectancy vary
between a LEDC and an MEDC?
An LEDC has a higher birth and death rate but a lower
life expectancy.
What causes an aging population?
Decrease in birth rate and better medical services that
result in a greater life expectancy
Population Population
Population
Population
Population Population
What are the consequences of
urbanisation?
What are the human features that can
cause people to move
What are the physical features
that cause people to move?
What are the causes of counter
urbanisation?How can
urbanisation be managed?
What stage of the Demographic
Transition Model shows the most rapid increase in
population?
Population Population
Population
Population
Population Population
What are the human features that cause people
to move?Better jobs, better houses,
better living conditions
What are the physical features that cause people
to move?Disease, famine, poor living
conditions,
What are the consequences of urbanisation?
Increase in number of Jobs in service sector; Increase in car ownership causes congestion and pollution; Clean water,
sanitation, health centres and power not available.
Insufficient schools; Retail jobs lost to out of town locations; Poor quality housing in Inner city
What are the causes of counter urbanisation?
High crime rates; Pollution; Clean air; More of a
community spirit; Poor services; Cheaper living; Peaceful Environment;
Retirement; Traffic congestion
How can urbanisation be managed?
Rubbish recycling schemes; Improve public transport (Trams); Redevelopment
Regenerate city centres for Retail; Use of Brownfield
sites; Gentrification; congestion charges; park
and ride schemes
What stage of the Demographic Transition
Model shows the most rapid increase in population?
Stage 2 as the death rate rapidly decreases
Population Population
Population
Population
Population Population
What are the four zones of the Burgess
Model?
What is the sphere of influence?
What is the difference between low and high order
goods?
Describe the threshold population.
Where are the higher order goods bought from now compared
in the 60/70s?.
Why has the retail changed over time?
SettlementSettlement Settlement
Settlement Settlement Settlement
What are the four zones of the Burgess Model?
CBD, Inner City, Inner Suburbs, Outer Suburbs
What is the sphere of influence?
The area that people come from to buy things. Shops that sell large, high order
goods have bigger spheres of influence than
convenience goods (low order goods)
What is the difference between low and high order
goods?Low order goods are bought more frequently and often
cheaper
Describe the threshold population.
The minimum population needed to support a shop. Higher order good shops have a higher threshold.
Where are the higher order goods bought from now
compared in the 60/70s?Higher order goods used to
be purchased in the CBD, but are now purchased in out of
town shopping centres.
Why has the retail changed over time?
Transportation has been improved
People have more expendable money
There is more desire for buying goods.
Settlement Settlement Settlement
Settlement Settlement Settlement
In MEDCs many people move to rural areas,
which is called counter-urbanisation. What are 2
negative impacts?
In MEDCs many people move to rural areas,
which is called counter-urbanisation. What are 2
positive impacts?
What are 4 problems for squatters?
Where are you more likely to find high order
goods stores – places with a higher or lower
population? Why?
What are some examples of places that sell lower
ordered goods?
What are some examples of places that sell higher
ordered goods?
SettlementSettlement Settlement
Settlement Settlement Settlement
In MEDCs many people move to rural areas, which is called counter-urbanisation.
What are 2 negative impacts?
Commuters do not use local shops, so they close.
Increase in house prices, so locals cannot afford to buy.
In MEDCs many people move to rural areas, which is called counter-urbanisation. What are 2 positive impacts?
There are families with children who attend local school preventing it from
closing. Farmer sells land to
developer making a large profit.
What are 4 problems for squatters?
Cramped living conditions, poor sanitation,
unemployment, high levels of crime, no access to social security of welfare. Risk of
fire/landslide/flood/disease.
Where are you more likely to find high order goods stores
– places with a higher or lower population? Why?
Higher, because the greater population means that there is a greater chance of people
buying the goods; due to higher proportion of dispensable income.
What are some examples of places that sell lower
ordered goods?Bakery, butcher, grocer,
supermarket, newsagent, sweet shop
What are some examples of places that sell higher
ordered goods?Furniture shops, jewellers,
stores selling large electrical goods such as washing
machines, televisions and freezers, car dealers, travel
agents selling holidays.
Settlement SettlementSettlement
Settlement Settlement Settlement
How does the primary industry
affect the environment?
Economic Development
What is globalisation?
Economic Development
What is a foreign direct investment?
Economic Development
What factors affect the location of an
industry?
Economic Development
What is the different between primary and secondary industry?
Economic Development
Identify some ways what the development
gap can be reduced
Economic Development
How does the primary industry affect the
environment?Can disrupt local habitats and ecosystems. Destroys
land. Removal of non-renewable resources.
Economic Development
What is globalisation?Globalisation is the process
by which the world is becoming increasingly
interconnected as a result of massively increased trade
and cultural exchange.
Economic Development
What is a foreign direct investment?
A controlling ownership in a business enterprise in one
country by an entity based in another country.
Economic Development
What factors affect the location of an industry?
Site, situation, climate, raw materials, component
suppliers, universities, water and power supplies, energy, accessibility of transport and
communications
Economic Development
What is the different between primary and secondary industry?
Primary industry Extracting resources from the ground,
land and sea. Secondary industry is manufacturing
these resources.
Economic Development
Identify some ways what the development gap can be
reducedMultination investmentDevelopment of tourismDevelopment projectsIntermediate projects
Fair trade Reducing debt
Economic Development
Explain one problem of aid to LEDCs
Explain how the improvement of
literacy can improve the quality of life.
Economic Development
Explain 2 disadvantages of
long term aid.
Economic Development
How would the percentage of people
that can read and write change as a country develops?
Economic Development
How would the percentage of people having access to the internet change as a country develops?
Economic Development
Explain one benefit of aid to LEDCs
Economic Development
Economic Development
Explain how the improvement of literacy can improve the quality of life. Get a job/better job/ more
skilled job. Earn money/higher pay. Spend
money on food/education/family/cloth
es. Self belief/pride/self esteem.
Economic Development
Explain 2 disadvantages of long term aid.
Doesn’t always reach the people it needs to due to
infrastructure/corruption. Aid may be tied to the donor country; so they have to buy
goods/services from the donor country. Creates a
dependency on aid; so government lose incentive
for long term plan
Economic Development
How would the percentage of people that can read and write change as a country
develops?Literacy would increase because there are more
schools/teachers/money spent on education
Economic Development
How would the percentage of people having access to the internet change as a country
develops?The percentage would
increase because there are more computers/internet
cafes and people can afford them more easily.
Economic Development
Explain one benefit of aid to LEDCs
Provides money for investment into
agriculture/water supply/helps improve diet
Buys machinery which provides more opportunities
for jobs.
Economic Development
Explain one problem of aid to LEDCs
Aid may be directed at a capital intensive project, which may not help local
people.Aid in the form of loans
creates debtIf misspent benefits are short
and aid may not be sustainable.
Economic Development