Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems

Objectives

• Describe how tissues, organs, and organ systems are related.

• List 12 organ systems.

• Identify how organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.

Chapter 22

Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems

• Cells Form Tissues A group of similar cells working together forms a tissue. Your body has four main kinds of tissue.

Chapter 22

Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems

Cells, Tissues, and Organs, continued

• Tissues Form Organs Two or more tissues working together to carry out a specialized function form an organ.

Chapter 22

Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems

Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism

• Homeostasis maintaining a stable internal environment

Chapter 22

Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems

Working Together

• Organs Form Systems Organs that work together make up an organ system.

• Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.

• Your body has 12 major organ systems.

Chapter 22

Section 1 Introduction to Body SystemsChapter 22

Section 1 Introduction to Body SystemsChapter 22

Section 1 Introduction to Body SystemsChapter 22

Section 2 The Skeletal System

Objectives

• Identify the major organs of the skeletal system.

• Describe four functions of bones.

• Describe three types of joints.

• List three injuries and two diseases that affect bones and joints.

Chapter 22

Section 2 The Skeletal System

Bones

• Bones, cartilage, and the connective tissue that holds bones together make up your skeletal system.

• Bone Structure Bone tissue without any visible open spaces is called compact bone. Bone tissue that has many open spaces is called spongy bone. Bones contain a soft tissue called marrow.

• Bone Growth Most bones start out as a flexible tissue called cartilage. Eventually, most cartilage is replaced by bone.

Chapter 22

ligaments

4 Functions of Skeletal System

cranium / skull

clavicle

ribs

humerus

vertebrae

radius

ulna

metacarpals

femur

patella

tibia

coccyx

metatarsals

maxilla

mandible

scapula

sternum

pelvis

carpals

phalanges

sacrum

fibula

tarsals

phalanges

Types of Joints

• A place where two or more bones meet is called a joint.

• Joints are held together by ligaments.

Section 2 The Skeletal SystemChapter 22

Skeletal System Injuries and Diseases

• Bones may be fractured or broken.

• Ligaments can be stretched or torn.

• Arthritis is a disease that causes the joints to swell or stiffen.

• Osteoporosis is a disease that causes bones to become less dense.

Section 3 The Muscular System

Muscles

• Muscles Attach to Bones Tendons are strands of tough connective tissue that connect your skeletal muscles to your bones.

• Muscles Work in Pairs Skeletal muscles often work in pairs. A muscles that bends part of your body is called a flexor. A muscle that straightens part of your body is an extensor.

Chapter 22 Section 3 The Muscular SystemChapter 22

Chapter 22Chapter 22 Section 3 The Muscular System

Section 3 The Muscular System

Involuntary

Voluntary

I don’t have to think about it, I don’t control it

Chapter 22

I control when it happens

3 Types of Muscle

Type IllustrationVoluntary or Involuntary?

Where is it found?

Smooth

Cardiac

Skeletal

Section 3 The Muscular System

• The muscular system is made up of the muscles that let you move.

Chapter 22

• Involuntary muscle found in the digestive tract and the walls of the blood vessels is called smooth muscle.

Section 3 The Muscular System

•Involuntary muscle found in your heart is called cardiac muscle.

Chapter 22

Section 3 The Muscular System

• Muscle attached to your skeleton for movement is called skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle can be voluntary or involuntary.

Chapter 22

Section 3 The Muscular System

Use It or Lose It

• Resistance Exercise During resistance exercise, people work against the resistance, or weight, of an object to strengthen their skeletal muscles.

• Aerobic Exercise (using oxygen)Steady, moderately intense activity is called aerobic exercise, and strengthens the heart and increases endurance.

Chapter 22

Section 3 The Muscular System

Muscle Injury

• A strain is an injury in which a muscle or tendon is overstretched or torn.

• People who exercise too much can hurt their tendons. Inflamed tendons is called tendonitis.

• Some people try to make their muscles stronger by taking drugs. These drugs are called anabolic steroids and can cause long-term health problems.

Chapter 22

Human Body: Pushing the Limits - Strength

The Integumentary System

skin, hair, and nails

Functions of Skin

• skin protects you by keeping water in your body and foreign particles out of your body

• nerves in your skin let you feel things

• regulates your body temperature, helps get rid of waste chemicals

Layers of Skin

• Epidermis - outermost layer of skin• Dermis - thicker layer of skin that lies beneath the epidermis

Propionibacterium acnes

Hair and Nails

• A hair forms at the bottom of a tiny sac called a hair follicle. Hair helps protect skin from ultraviolet light and helps regulate body temperature in most mammals.

• A nail grows from living cells in the nail root at the base of the nail. Nails protect the tips of your fingers and toes.

Skin Injuries

• Skin is often damaged, but fortunately can repair itself. However, damage to the genetic material in skin cells can cause skin cancer.