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Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems
Objectives
• Describe how tissues, organs, and organ systems are related.
• List 12 organ systems.
• Identify how organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
Chapter 22
Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems
• Cells Form Tissues A group of similar cells working together forms a tissue. Your body has four main kinds of tissue.
Chapter 22
Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems
Cells, Tissues, and Organs, continued
• Tissues Form Organs Two or more tissues working together to carry out a specialized function form an organ.
Chapter 22
Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems
Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism
• Homeostasis maintaining a stable internal environment
Chapter 22
Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems
Working Together
• Organs Form Systems Organs that work together make up an organ system.
• Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
• Your body has 12 major organ systems.
Chapter 22
Section 1 Introduction to Body SystemsChapter 22
Section 1 Introduction to Body SystemsChapter 22
Section 1 Introduction to Body SystemsChapter 22
Section 2 The Skeletal System
Objectives
• Identify the major organs of the skeletal system.
• Describe four functions of bones.
• Describe three types of joints.
• List three injuries and two diseases that affect bones and joints.
Chapter 22
Section 2 The Skeletal System
Bones
• Bones, cartilage, and the connective tissue that holds bones together make up your skeletal system.
• Bone Structure Bone tissue without any visible open spaces is called compact bone. Bone tissue that has many open spaces is called spongy bone. Bones contain a soft tissue called marrow.
• Bone Growth Most bones start out as a flexible tissue called cartilage. Eventually, most cartilage is replaced by bone.
Chapter 22
ligaments
4 Functions of Skeletal System
cranium / skull
clavicle
ribs
humerus
vertebrae
radius
ulna
metacarpals
femur
patella
tibia
coccyx
metatarsals
maxilla
mandible
scapula
sternum
pelvis
carpals
phalanges
sacrum
fibula
tarsals
phalanges
Types of Joints
• A place where two or more bones meet is called a joint.
• Joints are held together by ligaments.
Section 2 The Skeletal SystemChapter 22
Skeletal System Injuries and Diseases
• Bones may be fractured or broken.
• Ligaments can be stretched or torn.
• Arthritis is a disease that causes the joints to swell or stiffen.
• Osteoporosis is a disease that causes bones to become less dense.
Section 3 The Muscular System
Muscles
• Muscles Attach to Bones Tendons are strands of tough connective tissue that connect your skeletal muscles to your bones.
• Muscles Work in Pairs Skeletal muscles often work in pairs. A muscles that bends part of your body is called a flexor. A muscle that straightens part of your body is an extensor.
Chapter 22 Section 3 The Muscular SystemChapter 22
Chapter 22Chapter 22 Section 3 The Muscular System
Section 3 The Muscular System
Involuntary
Voluntary
I don’t have to think about it, I don’t control it
Chapter 22
I control when it happens
3 Types of Muscle
Type IllustrationVoluntary or Involuntary?
Where is it found?
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
Section 3 The Muscular System
• The muscular system is made up of the muscles that let you move.
Chapter 22
• Involuntary muscle found in the digestive tract and the walls of the blood vessels is called smooth muscle.
Section 3 The Muscular System
•Involuntary muscle found in your heart is called cardiac muscle.
Chapter 22
Section 3 The Muscular System
• Muscle attached to your skeleton for movement is called skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle can be voluntary or involuntary.
Chapter 22
Section 3 The Muscular System
Use It or Lose It
• Resistance Exercise During resistance exercise, people work against the resistance, or weight, of an object to strengthen their skeletal muscles.
• Aerobic Exercise (using oxygen)Steady, moderately intense activity is called aerobic exercise, and strengthens the heart and increases endurance.
Chapter 22
Section 3 The Muscular System
Muscle Injury
• A strain is an injury in which a muscle or tendon is overstretched or torn.
• People who exercise too much can hurt their tendons. Inflamed tendons is called tendonitis.
• Some people try to make their muscles stronger by taking drugs. These drugs are called anabolic steroids and can cause long-term health problems.
Chapter 22
Human Body: Pushing the Limits - Strength
The Integumentary System
skin, hair, and nails
Functions of Skin
• skin protects you by keeping water in your body and foreign particles out of your body
• nerves in your skin let you feel things
• regulates your body temperature, helps get rid of waste chemicals
Layers of Skin
• Epidermis - outermost layer of skin• Dermis - thicker layer of skin that lies beneath the epidermis
Propionibacterium acnes
Hair and Nails
• A hair forms at the bottom of a tiny sac called a hair follicle. Hair helps protect skin from ultraviolet light and helps regulate body temperature in most mammals.
• A nail grows from living cells in the nail root at the base of the nail. Nails protect the tips of your fingers and toes.
Skin Injuries
• Skin is often damaged, but fortunately can repair itself. However, damage to the genetic material in skin cells can cause skin cancer.