Section 3 The Protestant Reformation

Daily Objectives

•Discuss the major goal of humanism in northern Europe, which was to reform Christendom.

•Explain how Martin Luther’s religious reforms led to the emergence of Protestantism.

I. Erasmus & Christian Humanism

• Protestant Reformation, reform movement that divided the Church into Catholic & Protestant groups

• Martin Luther, German monk who began the Reformation movement in the 16th century

Martin Luther

Erasmus & Christian Humanism

• Christian humanism was a movement to reform the Catholic Church

• Read the classics, esp. the basic works of Christianity

• *The best known of all the Christian humanists was Desiderius Erasmus

Desiderius Erasmus

Erasmus & Christian Humanism

• Erasmus humorously criticized aspects of the Catholic Church in his book The Praise of Folly

• Sought reform within the Catholic Church

II. Religion on the Eve of the Reformation

• Catholic Church was corrupt• Popes - failed to meet the

Church’s spiritual needs• *Salvation, acceptance into

Heaven• *Indulgence – release from all or

part of the punishment for sin

III. Martin Luther

• *Luther came to believe that humans are not saved through good works but through their faith in God

• *Luther’s ideas “justification by faith” became the chief teachings of the Protestant Reformation

A. The Ninety-five Theses

• The Ninety-five Theses was a list of complaints against the Catholic Church

• *Luther was most upset by the widespread selling of indulgences

• *Ninety-five Theses were a stunning attack on abuses in the sale of indulgences

Martin Luther nails his Ninety-five Theses to the door of the

Wittenberg Church in Germany.

*The printing press

allows for Luther’s ideas to quickly spread.

A. The Ninety-five Theses

• Luther keeps only two of the seven sacraments, baptism & communion

the Bibleexcommunicated Martin Luther

the policy of selling indulgences

Edict of Worms

B. A Break with the Church

• *Edict of Worms made Martin Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire

B. A Break with the Church

• Fredrick of Saxony protects Luther and sends him into hiding

C. The Rise of Lutheranism• Religious

service replace Catholic mass

• Bible readings, preaching & songs

• *Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith

IV. Politics in the German Reformation

• Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

• Bohemia, Hungary

• *The Peace of Augsburg formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany

• Germany Princes can now choose either Catholic or Lutheran

The Peace of Augsburg

Section 4 The Spread of

Protestantism & the Catholic Response

Daily Objectives

•Summarize the different forms of Protestantism that emerged in Europe as the Reformation spread.

•Summarize the religious rebirth of the Catholic Church.

I. The Zwinglian Reformation

• Ulrich Zwingli a priest who led a Protestant reform movement in Zurich Switzerland

• Introduced religious reforms, relics and images were abolished

I. The Zwinglian Reformation

• New church services, reading, prayer and sermons

• Zwingli, Later killed by his enemies

II. Calvin & Calvinism

• John Calvin, in 1536, published the Institutions of the Christian Religion

• Stood very close to Luther on most doctrine

• *Predestination, God had determined in advance who would be saved and who would be damned

John John CalvinCalvin•Protestant who fled France to Switzerland

http://encarta.msn.com/find/MediaMax.

II. Calvin & Calvinism

• In 1536, Calvin began working to reform the City of Geneva Switzerland

• The Consistory, a special body for enforcing moral discipline was set up to punish people for varies “crimes” like dancing, singing obscene songs, drunkenness, swearing and playing cards

III. The Reformation in England

• King Henry VIII, king of England

• Needed a male heir• *Annul, declare invalid• Act of Supremacy, declared

that the king was the supreme head of the Church of England

http://www.kfki.hu/~arthp/search.cgi?author=HOLBEIN

Henry Henry VIIIVIII HolbeinHolbein

III. The Reformation in England

• Thomas More, Christian humanist and devout Catholic who opposed the king’s actions and was beheaded

III. The Reformation in England

• Henry used his new powers to dissolve the monasteries and sell their land and possessions

• The Church of England, is also known as the Anglican Church

• Children – Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth

Catherine Catherine of of AragonAragonhas one has one daughter daughter MaryMary

http://home.hiwaay.net/~crispen/tudor/6wives/katherineofaragonportrait

She was the youngest surviving child of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.

http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/9194/h8/twomain.html

Anne Anne BoleynBoleynbeheadbeheadeded

Jane Jane SeymouSeymourrdied died after after childbirthchildbirthmother mother of of EdwardEdward

http://www.kfki.hu/~arthp/search.cgi?author=HOLBEIN%2C+Hans+the+Younger

http://home.hiwaay.net/~crispen/tudor/6wives/anneofclevesportrait

Anne ofAnne ofClevesCleves

http://home.hiwaay.net/~crispen/tudor/6wives/katherinehowardportrait.

Katherine Katherine HowardHoward

Katherine Katherine ParrParr

http://www.royal.gov.uk./history/tudor.htm

Edward VIEdward VIdied at 16died at 16

1547 Edward becomes king-Protestants gain power

http://www.royal.gov.uk./history/tudor.htm

1553 Mary (Bloody Mary), a Catholic becomes Queen-tries to force return to Catholicism

IV. The Anabaptists

• *The Anabaptists were regarded as dangerous radicals who threatened the very fabric of 16th century society

• Belief in adult baptism, chose its own minister, separation of church and state, refused to hold public office or bear arms

•Today’s Amish and Menonites

http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~doron/amish.jpg

4

Church of England

Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anabaptist

V. Effects of the Role of Women

• * Overall, the Protestant Reformation did not change women’s subordinate place in society

VI. The Catholic Reformation

1. The Jesuits, 2. reform of the papacy, and 3. the Council of Trent

1. *The Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits, was founded by a Spanish noblemen, Ignatius of Loyola

VI. The Catholic Reformation

1. Jesuits were a religious order of the Catholic Church

Used education to spread their message

Missionary work

VI. The Catholic Reformation 2. Reform of the

Papacy Pope Paul III

appointed a Reform Commission blamed the Church’s problems on the corrupt policies of the popes

VI. The Catholic Reformation

*3. Council of Trent, reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs

Both faith & good works needed for salvation, seven sacraments, clerical celibacy

Council of Trent 1545-1563

VI. The Catholic Reformation

Selling of indulgences was forbidden