Post on 16-May-2015
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Sex-disaggregated data for agricultural
development: What works; What doesn’t
Patti KristjansonSenior Scientist, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
BMGF, Seattle, Aug 20, 2014
Why do agricultural research and development specialists have to take
on gender issues?
Photo: www.sandbox.maumbile.com
The gender gap
Because…We are not going to see the bulk of the world’s food producers & consumers – smallholders – improve their wellbeing and adapt to all kinds of changes, with climate change on top them all – unless we close the ‘gender gap’ – in access to, and control over, knowledge, resources, and assets.
…and also contribute to changing gender cultures and norms?
Source: IITA Youth Agripreneurs
See: www.tist.org
Photo: L. Onyango
Photo: N. Palmer
Challenge: Understanding the differences in the needs, preferences and assets (financial, human capital,
etc) – of men, women and youths – that facilitate or impede their adoption of new technologies & practices
Photo: Arame Tall, CCAFS
e.g. women’s relative lack of mobility
Photos: N. Palmer, CIAT; V. Atakos, S. Macmillan, ILRI; CCAFS
When women have more decision-making power, they are more likely to be doing things like water harvesting, composting, conservation agriculture, etc.
Women are less aware of various ag practices than are men, but when they are aware, they are just as likely to adopt them
Gender outcomes we seekVulnerable groups and women have increased access to, and control over: productive assets and inputs, information, food and markets
And, strengthened participation in decision-making processes
Photo: CCAFS
Photo: Reboot
Achieving these outcomes: How we do the research matters – a lot!
Kristjanson et al, 2009. Linking International Agricultural Research Knowledge with Action for Sustainable Development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 9(13):5047-5052.
The critical K2A ‘pillars’:•Strategic partnerships & inclusive engagement processes•Co-learning; capacity strengthening, co-design and co-production of solutions•Innovative communications for scaling out
Photo: N. Palmer
Examples of innovative approaches for inclusive scaling out
Farm reality TV show targeting and informing East Africa women, men & youth on accessible agricultural practices
www.shambashapeup.com
Challenge: Funding a rigorous research component, with a solid sampling frame, measuring social, economic and environmental benefits, costs and impacts
Photo: Mediae
Examples of innovative approaches for inclusive scaling out, cont’d
• Testing new large-scale, inclusive crowdsourcing and citizen science approaches (e.g. women and men rank different characteristics of various crop varieties)
• Mobile-phone based female and youth-targeted climate and agricultural information services
• Participatory farmer-led videos sharing perceptions, knowledge and adaptation strategies
For more information, see: ccafs.cgiar.org/blog
Photo: CCAFSPhoto: ILRI
How will we know if a project or program is making progress towards
achieving gender outcomes?What are some good indicators of progress towards these outcomes (changes in behavior), what data do we have to collect, and what tools/approaches will get us there?
Photo: CCAFS
Sex-disaggregated data• Data that are collected and analysed
separately on males and females
• Involves asking the “who” questions in an agricultural household survey: ‘who provides labor, who makes the decisions, who owns and controls the land and other resources’?
• And, asking men and women about their individual roles and responsibilities
Doss, C. 2013. Data needs for gender analysis in agriculture. IFPRI EPTD Discussion Paper 1261.
Photo: ILRI
Why collect it?• Both men and women are involved in
agricultural production, so it’s necessary to understand both of their roles and responsibilities and how these may change in the context of new policies, markets, and technologies.
Photo: IFPRI
Some CGIAR research findings on gender and agricultural development• Agricultural roles of men and women, young and
old, poor vs. less poor differ; they are pursuing different types of agricultural adaptation strategies
• Studies in Uganda, Ghana, Kenya & Bangladesh suggest women have less secure land tenure & less decision-making power in agricultural production decisions than men
Kyazze et al. (2012) ‘Using a gender lens to explore farmers’ adaptation options in the face of a changing climate: Results of a pilot study in Uganda’. CCAFS Working Paper No. 26
Chaudhury et al. (2012). ‘Participatory gender-sensitive approaches for addressing key climate change-related research issues: evidence from Bangladesh, Ghana, and Uganda’. CCAFS Working Paper 19
• Women are less likely to receive information than men about new agricultural practices, but when they do, they are just as likely to adopt them – particularly resource-conserving and food security-enhancing practices (e.g. no till, cover cropping, efficient fertilizer use, agroforestry)
• Food insecure households are less likely to adopt new practices that can make them more resilient
CG Research findings, cont’d
Meinzen-Dick et al. ‘Institutions and Gender in the Adoption of Climate-Smart Practices’. CCAFS WP, forthcoming.
Kristjanson et al. 2012. Food Security 4, 381-397. http://www.springerlink.com/content/1876-4517/ Photo: N. Palmer
Questions we are now addressingwith gender-disaggregated data
• What influences which adaptation strategies are undertaken in different places? How do they differ for men and women?
• How are these influenced by environmental conditions, norms, decision-making, enabling environment (land health measures, land tenure, information sources)?
Photo: ILRI
Gender outcome indicatorsWomen’s control over resources – to compare men’s and women’s control over how land, livestock, water, forests, etc - and the income from sales of crop, livestock or forest products - is used How to measure?•Inserting specific questions into existing surveys (e.g. LSMS) – BMGF supported WB work on this with One Campaign (Leveling the Field)•IFPRI/USAID’s Women’s empowerment in agriculture index (WEAI) has a domain on ownership and control over resources•CCAFS intra-hh gender-CC survey looks at plot and livestock ownership and income
Source: CGIAR gender network
Gender outcome indicators
Women’s Participation in Decision Making•a greater degree of participation in decisions relating to women’s & their hh’s well-being•an expansion of the range of decisions and available choices in which women (and their families and communities) can participate
How to measure?– Need indicators of decisions over own labor, own income,
and decisions made in groups – e.g WEAI; CCAFS tools look at ag production decisions
Source: CGIAR gender network
What doesn’t work• Ignoring it (i.e. collecting sex-
disaggregated data)• Comparing female-headed and male-
headed households - it misses important data on women
• Assuming one source of hh income, or that women have control over income arising from their ag activities & efforts
• Purely extractive data collection approaches do not empower women; social learning approaches can
Shaw A, Kristjanson P. 2014. A Catalyst toward Sustainability? Exploring Social Learning and Social Differentiation Approaches with the Agricultural Poor. Sustainability 6(5): 2685-2717. Deere CD, Alvarado GE, Twyman J. 2012. Gender Inequality in Asset Ownership in Latin America: Female Owners vs Household Heads. Development and Change 43(2): 505–530.
Photo: ILRI
What works? What can/should be done at a project or program-level?
Strategic gender research at a range of scales:•using complementary quantitative and qualitative methods – new ones have taken a ‘module’ approach; key questions come first!!•Purely extractive/diagnostic research won’t empower women•Need to consider time, expense; no ‘one size fits all’ •Developing at theory of change/impact pathway with key partners is critical - appropriate indicators ‘fall out’ at different levels of the impact pathway
Innovative Communications Approach Gender Impact Pathway Example
Theory of Change: We must target women to have impact
Outcome: Farmers (men and women) are adapting, public and private sectors are supporting
e.g. Outcome to Impact Indicator: net soil fertility enhanced (male and female plots)Indicators of progress towards outcome: •no. of women reached with CSA info with ShambaShapeUp (SSU)•no. and reach of local partners (NGOs – e.g. GROOTS, CARE, IFAD projects) that target and work closely with women•% of farmers learning something new from SSU per season•% of farmers changing at least one practice per season•% increase in CSA practices adopted per SSU season (compared with last season)
Agriculture, Food Security Gender-disaggregated Survey ResourcesCCAFS Questionnaires and Data freely available:
CCAFS hh and village baselines, intra-hh gender survey, farm characterization (ImpactLite) surveys: http://thedata.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/CCAFSbaseline
Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index: http://www.ifpri.org/book-9075/ourwork/program/weai-resource-center
Guide to gender analysis in Agroforestry: http://www.icraf.org/newsroom/highlights/new-guide-gender-analysis-agroforestry
Gender and Assets project:http://gaap.ifpri.info/
Photo: World Bank
New gender-CC research tools, papers, & briefs: ccafs.cgiar.org/genderJoin the Gender, Agriculture and Climate Change Research Network:
https://www.linkedin.com/groups?mostRecent=&gid=6657402
Additional References• Shaw A, Kristjanson P. 2014. A Catalyst toward Sustainability? Exploring Social
Learning and Social Differentiation Approaches with the Agricultural Poor. Sustainability 6(5): 2685-2717. L\DOI:10.3390/su6052685 Open Access. http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/6/5/2685
• Wood S A, Jina A S, Jain M, Kristjanson P, DeFries R. 2014. Smallholder farmer cropping decisions related to climate variability across multiple regions. Global Environmental Change 25: 163-172. Open Access. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.011
• Vervoort JM, Thornton PK, Kristjanson P, Förch W, Ericksen PJ, Kok K, Ingram JSI, Herrero M, Palazzo A, Helfgott AES, Wilkinson A, Havlik P. 2014. Challenges to scenario-guided adaptive action on food security under climate change. Global Environmental Change. Open Access. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378014000387
• Kristjanson P, Harvey B, Van Epp M, Thornton PK. 2014. Social learning and sustainable development. Nature Climate Change. Vol 4. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/34283
Thank you!
And thanks for inputs from the CGIAR gender network, IFPRI, ILRI, CIAT, ICRAF, FAO, CARE, WeEffect, Mediae, PROLINNOVA and many other collaborators ……
Photo: World Development Movement