Shadow Flicker Noise Birds & Bats Land Area...

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Wind 101 EnvironmentShadow Flicker

NoiseBirds & Bats

Land Area Occupied

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

Shadow Flicker Zone

Analysis Software is Available

Noise• Distinctly Audible

They Are Not SilentThey Will Be Heard

• Great Reductions in Noise• But Noise is Constant--Ever-Present

Except During Calms

• Small Turbines Are NoisiestFor Their Size

Air 303-403 Noise

Bergey Noise

Noise Footprint

Calculated & Measured Noise EmissionsSource Sound Power Levels at 8 m/s

! !!!!

!!!!!!

1 10 100Diameter (meters)

120Sound Power Level dBA

1980s 1990s1999 SmallMicro H40

L=22 log D + 72

L=22 log D + 65

BWC 850

Air303

Noise LimitsSelected Noise Limits, Sound Pressure Levels in dBA

RuralResidentialMixedCommercial50556065DayGermany35404550Night404550LeqDayNetherlands303540Night4540LeqDenmark1

45L50High speedEngland 240L50Low speed60606575L50DayMinnesota50506575L50Night65657080L10DayMinnesota55557080L10Night4545L8.3Kern County, Calif.3

45L90Riverside County, Calif.6050L90Palm Springs, Calif.4

1. Not to exceed 45 dBA beyond 400 m from wind turbine2. L50 approx. 350 m from the nearest turbine.3. L8.3., not to exceed 50 dBA.4. 50 dBA if lot is actually used as residential.

Noise Community Response

noise than that indicated here.and neighbors could be either more or less sensitive to wind turbineNote: This table was derived for noise sources other than wind turbines

Community Response to Noise from Sources Other Than Wind Turbines

Estimated Community ResponseAmount by whichNoise ExceedsBackground Level

DescriptionCategorydBNo observed reactionNone0Sporadic complaintsLittle5Widespread complaintsMedium10Threats of actionStrong15Vigorous actionVery Strong20

Source: Harvey Hubbard, Kevin Shepherd, NASA, 1990.

Birds & Bats• Before & After Studies

of Big Projects• Studies Necessary

for Small Projects?

Cros de Gerand, France

Birds & Bats• Bats

Appalachian Mts & Buffalo Ridge (MN)Bat Conservation Society ReportCause Unknown & Further Research NeededSeasonal Shut Down Possible

• Birds, Altamont PassIssue UnresolvedDisaster for Raptors & Wind Energy

Birds Killed in the Altamont Pass

Source: Developing Methods to Reduce Bird Mortality in the Altamont Pass WRA, August 2004, P500-04-052.

Per Year Low High

Total 1,766 4,721

Raptors 881 1,300

Raptors/MW 1.5 2.2

Land Area Required -Rectilinear

160-250 kW: Mojave, California

750 kW: Lake Benton, Minnesota

1 mi1.7 km

1 MW: White Deer, Texas

Land Area Required

• ~1% of Land Used• Schleswig-Holstein, Germany

1% = 50% of Consumption, Today2% = 100% of Consumption, 2020

Schleswig-Holstein Wind Density

kW/km2 kW/capita

Schleswig-Holstein 208 1.2

Sachsen-Anhalt 178 1.5

Brandenburg 156 1.8

Niedersachsen 148 0.9

Denmark 76 0.6

Iowa 30 1.4

Wind Density in Northwest Schleswig-Holstein

MW kW/km2 Population kW/capita

Nordfriesland Kreis 2010 847 414 165,707 5.1

Friedrich-Wilhelm-Lübke-Koog

47.5 3,519 164 290

Dithmarschen Kreis 2010 718 511 135,136 5.3

Land Area Occupied and Spacing

<20 ha 3

>20 ha<60 ha 5

>60 ha 7

Smaller projects require less land area than large projects because of “edge” effects. DEWI Spring 2011.

Aesthetic Guidelines:

Design As If People Matter

Increasing Acceptance #1

“Your Own Pigs Don’t Stink”

Jutland, DenmarkPaul Gipe, wind-works.org

Public Opinion Surveys• “Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder”

True, But Most People Agree on “Beauty”

• Broad Support ~ 70%-90%On Both Sides of the Atlantic

• In the Abstract!Benefits GlobalImpacts Local

Acceptance of Wind Energy

Post-Installation

Percent Acceptance

High Pre-Project

During Project

Source: L. Arkesteijn, Energy Connection

Power Plant Acceptance

Thayer, R. Consumer Attitude and Choice

Visual Quality Health & Safety Environmental Impact Overall2

5Ratings

BIOMASS

FOSSIL

NUCLEAR

Increasing Acceptance #2• Minimize Wind’s Footprint

Physical--Roads, Foundations, BuildingsEnvironmental & Visual

• Seek Harmonywith Neighbors & the Environment

• Wind as a part of the Landscape • Not a Wind Landscape

as in California• NIMBY to POOL

Aesthetic Design--Not New Idea

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org CalPoly 1984

Provide Distinct Visual Units

Paul Gipe, wind-works.orgCalPoly 1984

Keep Ancillary Structures Off Hills & Ridges

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Chris Blandford Assoc.

Provide Visual Uniformity

Keep Them Spinning

Keep Them Clean

Use a Drip Pan or a Diaper (Nappie)

Bury All Intra-Project Lines

Bury All Intra-Project LinesMontefalcone, Italy

Avoid Visual Clutter

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org, 2003, with Telephoto Lens

Avoid “Industrialization”

Avoid Mixing Types

Use Open SpacingDon’t Get Greedy

Remove Dead Turbines

Remove Headless Horsemen

Dress for SuccessNacelle CoversNose Cones

Minimize Roads• Use Existing Roads• Use Existing Tracks• Minimize Width• Minimize Radius• Harden Where Needed

. . . Or Eliminate Roads

Minimize Physical Footprint

. . . Especially in Arid Terrain

Avoid Steep Slopes

No Mountain-Top Removal!

Avoid Cell (Mobile) Phones

No Billboards

No Logo!

Or Subtle Logo Only

No Logo!Or Subtle Logo Only

Control Erosion

Revegetate Site

Use Proper Proportions

Eliminate FencingSends the Wrong Message. . .“Keep Out, Danger”

Inform Public

Simpler is Better

Provide Parking

Provide Access

Avoid Garish Patterns

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Tvind, Denmark

Use White, Off-White, or Gray

Keep Sites Tidy

Remove Trash & Litter

Remove “Bone” or Scrap Yards

Spring Forth . . . Organically

Avoid Surface Expression of Foundation

Pay Attention to Detail

Harmonize Structures

Buildings

With Other Structures on Landscape

Harmonize StructuresTransformers (Use

Architectural Façades)

Place Transformers Inside Towers

• Harden AccessWhere Needed

• Paint Over Graffiti

In Sum . . . Be A Good Neighbor

. . . With Rural Residential

Wind Energy is CompatibleWith Most Existing Land Uses

Yorkshire, England

. . . With Harbors

Thyborøn-Harboøre Vindmøllelaug

. . . With Dikes& Breakwaters

Zeebrugge, BelgiumPaul Gipe, wind-works.org

. . . With Row Crops

Minnesota, USAPaul Gipe, wind-works.org

. . . With GrazingNoordoost Polder, the Netherlands

. . . With Vineyards

Donzere, FrancePaul Gipe, wind-works.org

. . . With Some ParksDepending Upon the Level of Protection

Wellington (Brooklyn), NZ

. . . With Outdoor Recreation

. . . With Cycling

Royd Moor, England

Westerwald, Germany

. . . With Commercial Uses

Lauwersoog, the Netherlands

Westerwald, Germany

Lauersoog, Netherlands: 4x?

. . . With Stadiums

Clevel

Cleveland, Ohio

. . . With Urban Skyline

. . . With Schools

• 1999-2013• 12 million kWh• 850,000 kWh/yr• Generation

posted on School Web site!

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Forest City, Iowa

. . . With Tourism

Chateau de Lastours, FrancePaul Gipe, wind-works.org

. . . With Tourism

Lille Havfrue, København

. . . With Historical Sites

Tre Kroner Historic Park, DenmarkPaul Gipe, wind-works.org

Lynetten Co-op København

Trekroner

Lynetten

Little Mermaid

. . .With Rural VillagesNevada, Iowa 2x250 kW

. . . With Sewage Treatment Plants

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Ringkøbing, Denmark: 75 kW, +20 Yea

Lackawanna, New York

. . . And Urban Renewal

Lackawanna, New York

. . . With Walking & Jogging

Paul Gipe, wind-works.orgDunkerque, France

. . . With HikingTehachapi Pass, California

. . . With Religious Sites

White Deer, Texas

Montefalcone, Italy

Druiberg--German Sacred Ground

• In the Distance--Brocken• Harz Mts. Highest Point• Site of Goethe’s Witches’

Sabbath in “Faust”

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