Post on 13-Nov-2014
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Beyond Skogholm Cotoneaster: Performance of Hydrangea, Azalea, Juniper and
Spirea in a clay amended substrate.
Jim Owen, Jr., Stuart L. Warren, Ted E. Bilderback, and Joseph P. Albano
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
The last three years…
Develop management practices and production systems to improve nutrient and
water use efficiency to minimize nutrient leaching/runoff
Our Objective
Finding the Balance
NUTRIENTS
ENVIRONM
ENT IRRIGATION
SUBSTRATE
ContainerContainer
Finding the Balance
NUTRIENTS
ENVIRONM
ENT IRRIGATION
SUBSTRATE
ContainerContainer
Our Approach
To engineer a pine bark-based soilless substrate to increase water and nutrient efficiency.
Industrial Mineral Aggregates
The last three years… Mineral aggregate particle size
Small (24/48 mesh)• ≥ 100,000 gal H2O growing acre-1 season-
Calcined 24-48
4 - 20
Pine bark
Sand
The last three years… Mineral aggregate particle size
Small (24/48 mesh)• ≥ 100,000 gal H2O growing acre-1 season-
Mineral temperature pre-treatmentCalcined clay
• P - 62% effluent decrease • NH4 ≈ 50% effluent decrease
Calcined 24-48
4 - 20
Pine bark
Sand
The last three years… Mineral aggregate particle size
Small (24/48 mesh)• ≥ 100,000 gal H2O growing acre-1 season-
Mineral temperature pre-treatmentCalcined clay
• P - 62% effluent decrease • NH4 ≈ 50% effluent decrease
Mineral amendment rate11% by vol.
Calcined 24-48
4 - 20
Pine bark
Sand
The last three years… Mineral aggregate particle size
Small (24/48 mesh)• ≥ 100,000 gal H2O growing acre-1 season-
Mineral temperature pre-treatmentCalcined clay
• P - 62% effluent decrease • NH4 ≈ 50% effluent decrease
Mineral amendment rate11% by vol.
Reduce P and water inputs by 50%
Calcined 24-48
4 - 20
Pine bark
Sand
The last three years… Mineral aggregate particle size
Small (24/48 mesh)• ≥ 100,000 gal H2O growing acre-1 season-
Mineral temperature pre-treatmentCalcined clay
• P - 62% effluent decrease • NH4 ≈ 50% effluent decrease
Mineral amendment rate11% by vol.
Reduce P and water inputs by 50%
Calcined 24-48
4 - 20
Pine bark
Sand
Equivalent or increased growth of Skogholm cotoneaster
Beyond Skogholm cotoneaster
Beyond Skogholm Cotoneaster
Randomized Complete Block Design Taxa (14 L containers)
Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Nikko Blue’Spiraea x Bumalda ‘Goldflame’Rhododendron (Carla hybrid) ‘Sunglow’Juniperus conferta ‘Blue Pacific’
Substrate (11% amendment rate)Clay: calcined 24/48Sand (8 pine bark:1 sand)
Beyond Skogholm Cotoneaster Cultural practices
17-5-10 six month CRFMicromax and dolomiteCyclically micro-irrigated – 0.2 LFGrown for 100 days
Data analysisRoot and shoot dry massSubstrate physical properties
StatisticsDry mass - AVOVASubstrate - MANOVA
• Wilks’ Lambda
Plant growth
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Azalea Hydrangea Juniper Spirea
ClaySand
Ro
ot
dry
wei
gh
t (g
)
Taxa
ABNS
NS
P ≤ 0.10
NS
Plant growth
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Azalea Hydrangea Juniper Spirea
ClaySand
Sh
oo
t d
ry w
eig
ht
(g)
Taxa
AB
BA
NS
NS
P ≤ 0.10
Plant growth
Clay Sand
Clay Sand
100+ days after initiation
Sunglow azalea
Nikko blue hydrangea
Substrate Physical Properties
AB0
20
40
60
80
100
Clay Sand
Per
cent
vol
um
e
Pine bark amendment
80% total porosity83% total porosity
H0: clay = sandP = 0.02
Substrate Physical Properties
AB0
20
40
60
80
100
Clay Sand
Pe
rcen
t vo
lum
e
Pine bark amendment
80% total porosity83% total porosity
24% air space
59% container capacity
24% air space
56% container capacity
H0: clay = sandP = 0.02
Substrate Physical Properties
AB0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Clay Sand
Per
cent
vol
um
e
Pine bark amendment
56% CC59% CC
H0: clay = sandP = 0.02
Substrate Physical Properties
AB0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Clay Sand
Pe
rcen
t vo
lum
e
Pine bark amendment
56% CC59% CC
35% available
water
24%unavailable
water
31%available
water
25%unavailable
water
H0: clay = sandP = 0.02
Substrate Physical Properties
AB0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Clay Sand
Pe
rcen
t vo
lum
e
Pine bark amendment
56% CC59% CC
35% available
water
24%unavailable
water
31%available
water
25%unavailable
water
≈ ½ L per 5 gal container
H0: clay = sandP = 0.02
Industry SignificanceGrowth effect of clay amendment is
taxa specific.
Thanks….
FNRI
Columbia River Gorge, OR
Particle size distribution
sand clay
> 6.3mm2 mm0.71 mm0.5 mm0.25 mm0.106 mmPan
Sieve size
Pine bark amendment (11% by vol.)
58%40%less than 0.5 mm
42%less than 0.5 mm
greater than 0.5 mm
60%greater than
0.5 mm
Additional Research dogwood – Cornus florida ‘Cloud Nine’ sweetbay magnolia – Magnolia virginiana willow oak – Quercus phellos sourwood – Oxydendrum arboreum
Water and nutrient (N & P) budgets
Particle size distribution
sand clay
> 6.3mm2 mm0.71 mm0.5 mm0.25 mm0.106 mmPan
Sieve size
Pine bark amendment (11% by vol.)