Post on 22-Jan-2018
transcript
THE DOWNSIDE OF PARTICIPATION
CRITICS OF PARTICIPATION SAY IT’S…‣ EXPENSIVE
‣ TIME CONSUMING
‣ INEFFECTIVE
‣ LIP-SERVICE
‣ FOR OLD RETIRED MEN
‣ DIFFICULT TO IMPLEMENT
‣ “NOBODY CARES ABOUT PARTICIPATION: WHAT EVERYBODY WANTS IS EFFICIENCY”
‣ IT IS A TOOL FOR MANIPULATION: IT IS A PUBLIC RELATIONS TOOL FOR THE POWER HOLDERS (ARNSTEIN, 1969)
‣ IT IS A DEVICE FROM THE RIGHT TO JUSTIFY THE END OF THE WELFARE STATE
‣ IT IS A DEVICE FROM THE LEFT TO JUSTIFY THE PROPAGATION OF ITS IDEOLOGY
THE UPSIDE
A-CRITICS OF PARTICIPATION SAY, IT’S
‣ THE SOLUTION FOR ALL OUR PROBLEMS
‣ ANYTHING TOP DOWN IS NECESSARILY BAD, SO EVERYTHING BOTTOM UP IS NECESSARILY GOOD
HTTP://LITHGOW-SCHMIDT.DK/SHERRY-ARNSTEIN/LADDER-OF-CITIZEN-PARTICIPATION.HTML
THE LADDER OF PARTICIPATION (SHERRY ARNSTEIN, 1969)
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WHO HAS POWER WHEN IMPORTANT DECISIONS ARE BEING MADE?Arnstein, S. (1969). "A Ladder of Citizen Participation." JAIP 35(4): 216-224.
THE ILLUSION OF CONTROLArnstein, S. (1969). "A Ladder of Citizen Participation." JAIP 35(4): 216-224.
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IS (OR COULD BE) THE REDISTRIBUTION OF POWER THAT ENABLES CITIZENS TO BE DELIBERATELY INCLUDED IN DECISION MAKING PROCESSES.
Arnstein, S. (1969). "A Ladder of Citizen Participation." JAIP 35(4): 216-224.
SPATIAL JUSTICE
TERRITORIAL OR SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH, GOODS AND OPPORTUNITIES
EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS HAPPENING IN SPACE
Distributive Justice
Fairallocationofresourcesandservicesthroughouttheurbanterritory.Inotherwords,resources,servicesandopportunitiesmustbefairly“distributed”byplanningurbanspace.
Justiceorinjusticecanfoundintheplanningprocessesthemselves.Justiceisinthe“procedures”.
Procedural Justice
SPATIAL JUSTICE AND THE RIGHT TO THE CITY ARE INTIMATELY RELATED.
PARTICIPATION IN THE CONDUCTION OF URBAN AFFAIRS (THE RIGHT TO THE CITY) IS LIKELY TO DELIVER SPATIAL JUSTICE.
RIGHT TO THE CITY IS PART OF A VERY LONG TRADITION IN PHILOSOPHY THAT SEES THE CITY AS THE SPACE OF POLITICS, WHERE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS EMERGE MORE STRONGLY.
Plato’s The
Republic:the just
man inhabiting
the just city
Copy of Silanion - Marie-Lan Nguyen (User:Jastrow) 2009, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7831217
By A.Savin (Wikimedia Commons · WikiPhotoSpace) - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27948211
Polis is the space of shared decision-making,
otherwise known as ‘politics’.
By After Lysippos - Jastrow (2006), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1359807
Aristotle: “man is a political animal”We can only achieve the good life by living as citizens in organised societies. In doing so we become fully human (as opposed to animals in a state of nature).
THE SPATIAL DIMENSION OF POLITICS
DoreenMasseyexplainstheSPACEOFRADICALSIMULTANEITY:thesharedpoliticalandphysicalspace,wheredecisionsmustbetakenbycitizenstogether.
http://timelines.latimes.com/occupy-wall-street-movement/
HANNAH ARENDT
Activecitizenship=Civicengagementandcollectivedeliberationaboutallmattersaffectingthepoliticalcommunity.
Creativecommons:BenNorthernFlickr.Somerightsreserved.
THE ‘POLITICAL COMMUNITY’ IS THE SPACE OF
THE CITY
IT IS WITHIN THE CITY’S ‘WALLS’ THAT WE ARE FREE
CITIZENS
The political space of the city: the ‘social contract’* that
establishes rights and duties and where government is legitimised
by the consent of the citizens.
https://02varvara.wordpress.com/2011/10/19/19-october-2011-occupy-wall-street-becomes-“occupy-the-world”-why-is-the-us-corporate-media-silent/00-01l-occupy-wall-street-19-10-11-vancouver-bc-canada/
*Jean-Jacques Rousseau
THE RIGHT TO THE CITY=ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP
*right to take part in the affairs of the city *to make decisions about one’s own living environment *fulfil one’s full potential as a human being
THE RIGHT TO THE CITY IS THE RIGHT TO ACTIVELY SHAPE THE CITY TO ONE’S NEEDS AND DESIRES, THUS EXERCISING ONE’S FULL CITIZENSHIP
ByRobertCrc-Subversivefestivalmedia,FAL,https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27132002
THE RIGHT TO THE CITY
…isfarmorethantheindividuallibertytoaccessurbanresources:itisarighttochangeourselvesbychangingthecity.Itis,moreover,acommonratherthananindividualrightsincethistransformationinevitablydependsupontheexerciseofacollectivepowertoreshapetheprocessesofurbanisation.Thefreedomtomakeandremakeourcitiesandourselvesis,Iwanttoargue,oneofthemostpreciousyetmost
neglectedofourhumanrights(Harvey,2008)
…designing and planning the built environment are
profoundly political activities in which power relationships must be continually
exposed and power must be distributed.
Active citizenship is not granted, but rather conquered through struggle.
PhotobyArlette.ArletteReloadedonFlickrandInstagram.Reproducedherewithspecialpermission.
WAIT! ARE YOU SAYING PARTICIPATION WILL DELIVER THE RIGHT TO THE CITY?
IT IS NOT THAT SIMPLE! HOWEVER, IT IS UNDENIABLE THAT ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP
IMPLIES PARTICIPATION AND ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP IS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT
TO ACHIEVE THE RIGHT TO THE CITY.
IT WILL ALLOW PLANNERS AND DESIGNERS TO GATHER INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE THAT IS NOT OTHERWISE AVAILABLE
*AND GIVE A VOICE TO THOSE WHO ARE NOT RECOGNISED AS HOLDERS OF KNOWLEDGE
WILL DELIVER STRONGER COMMUNITIES AND DEMOCRACY-AWARE CITIZENS
WILL STRENGTHEN DEMOCRACY IN THE LONG RUN
THE FALL OF PUBLIC SPACE
HOMESTEAD, FLORIDA, IS ONE OF A NUMBER OF GATED COMMUNITIES IN THE US. THEY HAVE BECOME MORE POPULAR NOT ONLY FOR CELEBRITIES BUT FOR MIDDLE-CLASS HOMEOWNERS FEARFUL FOR THEIR SAFETY. PHOTOGRAPH: SIPA PRESS/REX
THE PROFOUND CULTURAL ABYSS BETWEEN CITIES, SUBURBS AND RURAL AREAS
CLINTON WON ALMOST 90 PERCENT OF URBAN CORES, WHILE TRUMP WON THE VAST MAJORITY – BETWEEN 75 AND 90 PERCENT – OF SUBURBS, SMALL CITIES AND RURAL AREAS. THOUGH THESE LATTER GEOGRAPHIES ARE MORE SPARSELY POPULATED, THEY WERE HOME TO THE MAJORITY OF VOTERS THIS ELECTION.
THE RURAL X URBAN DIVIDE
THANKS FOR WATCHING THIS PRESENTATION. SHOULD YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, PLEASE WRITE TO: R.C.ROCCO@TUDELFT.NL
ALL THESE ISSUES MAKE IT CRUCIAL FOR US TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF DEMOCRATIC DECISION MAKING IN THE CITY
TEXT
EXPANDED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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