Spermatophyta(seed plants)

Characteristicso Vascular plant characterized by seed (Spermatophyta)

o They don’t have real flower (they only have cone/strobilus)

o Seed being naked on specialized leaf or a scale of the cone

o Habitus: shrub, visible strolls, vine, trees

o Have taprootso Have branches stemso Have hard, needle-like or fan like leafs

Gymnosperm/Pinophyta

Classification

1. Cycadinae- Haven’t branches

- Have large cones

- Leaves like palm’s leaves

- Dioceus

- Example: Cycas rumphii

Female strobilus

Male strobilus

2. Coniferae

o Many are large treeso Needle-like leaveso Evergreen (always green)o They are usually monocious

o Example: Pinus mercusii

Female strobilus Male strobilus

3. Ginkgoinae

o It is a tall planto The leaf has a long stalk, is fan-shaped, and has branched veins

o In autumn, the leaves fallo The outer cover of the seed is fleshy, while the inner cover is hard

o Example: Gingko biloba

4. Gnetinae

oTropical trees, shrub or vine

oLeaves look similar to flower plant

oSeed look somewhat like fruits

oSingle leavesoExample: Gnetum gnemon

o Penyerbukan adalah menempelnya serbuk sari pada mikropil (liang bakal biji) → Gymnosperm

o Penyerbukan adalah menempelnya serbuk sari ke kepala putik → Angiosperm

o Pembentukan megaspora disebut megasporogenesis

o Pembentukan mikrospora disebut mikrosporogenesis

o Pembentukan megagametofit disebut megagametogenesis

Bakal biji

megagametofit

megasporogenesis

1 megaspora fungsional

4 megaspora

Sel induk megaspora

Megasporangium (nuselus)

ada

ada

meiosis

membelah

megagametogenesis

Angiosperm/Magnoliophyta

o Already have true flowero The shape and composition of flower vary but has the same basic parts, that is petals, sepals, pistil and stamen

o Pistil consist of styles, stigma, and ovary which contains ovules

o Stamen consist of filaments and anthers which contain pollen grains

o It has thin, wide leaves, and leaf veins with varied composition

o Ovule or seed does not appear, because it is covered by cotyledons

o It is undergoes double fertilization

Clasifications

o Monocot : one cotyledono Dicots : two cotyledons

Dicots versus Monocots Seeds

Dicots Monocots

- Two cotyledons - Flower parts in fours or fives - Leaves with distinct vein network - Vascular cambium present - Vascular bundles in ring - Pollen grain with three apertures

- One cotyledon- Flower parts in threes - Leaves with parallel primary veins. - Vascular cambium absent - Vascular bundles scattered - Pollen grain with one aperture

Dicots

fibrous

taproots

Bakal biji

2 inti

megasporogenesis

1 megaspora fungsional

4 megaspora

Sel induk megaspora

ada

meiosis

membelah

Megagametogenesis

Megasporangium (nuselus)ada

Ke kutub kalaza Ke kutub mikrofilMembelah 2 kali Membelah 2 kali

4 inti 4 inti

1 inti ke tengah 1 inti ke tengah 2 inti di tengah kandung lembaga

Sel antipoda

3 inti membentuk sel 3 inti membentuk sel

Sel telur Sel sinergid

Sel kandung Lembaga (2n)

Kepala sari

Serbuk sari

mikrosporogenesis

4 sel mikrospora (n)

Sel induk mikrospora

2 kantong sari (mikrosporangium)

ada

meiosis

Mikrogametogenesis

2 ruang sariada

Sel generatifSel vegetatif

2 Sel sperma

Di buluh Serbuk sari

Pollination

o Based on agent1. anemofili → wind2. hidrofili → water3. zoodiofili → animals

a. entomofili → insectsb. ornitofili → birdsc. kiropterofili → batsd. malakofili → snails

4. antrofili → humanso Based on falling down pollen grains to stigma1. autogami → alone2. geitonogami → neighbour one plant3. allogami → neighbour other plant (same kinds)4. hibridogami → neighbour other plant (different

kinds)