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Standox Coloristics Color theory
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Chapter 1 • What is Color ?
• Deficiencies in Color Sensation
• Limitations
• Color Circles and Color Matching
• Colorimetric
3
The Sky Is ?
4
The leaves are getting ?
5 05.04.20
Color perception
The perceived color is a subjective impression which cannot be exactly attributed to a reflected light spectrum or its intensity.
6 05.04.02
The light spectrum.
white light
Newton’s prism
Sir Isaac Newton (1660)
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Rainbow
Which is the first exterior colour of the rainbow?
A rainbow is created by sunlight passing through
drops of water, which act as a prism.
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Visible Spectrum
Small section of
the immense
electromagnetic
spectrum
emitted by the
sun.
9 05.04.07
What happens to the light?
reflection transmission
emission
10 05.04.08
Color perception
Color perception involves:
a light source (illumination)
a receiver and processor ( eye / brain )
a sample or object to interact with the light energy.
11 05.04.09
Color perception
an interplay
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Color Sensation
WHITE
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Color Sensation
BLACK Black
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Red paint absorbs every part
of white light, execpt the red
part ...
Color Sensation
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Color Sensation
16 05.04.10
Cross section of the retina.
A: The rods (light / dark vision)
B: The cones (color vision)
C: Cell nucleii of cone cell
The light first crosses
the pigment epithel (E),
into which cell nucleii (D)
are embedded.
Küppers´Farbenlehre
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Light enters the eye
Focused by cornea and
lens onto back of retina
Photoreceptors absorb light
light is transformed into
electrical signals
Signals sent to brain via
optic nerve
Color perception
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Cones are responsible for color vision
There are three types of cones:
Color perception
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The rods respond on lightness
05.04.11
How we perceive colors.
The rods respond on lightness The cones on colors
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Wavelength
400 500 600 700
Usually expressed in nanometer: 1nm = 10 meter
• Wavelengths do not themselves possess colour
• Perception of colour is created by the eye and the
brain
• Wavelengths are the tool to construct a coloured
representation
-9
400 500 600 700
NANOMETRE
23 05.04.15
Color perception
Different light sources can influence the
color!
... if not the same pigments were used
as in the Original (OEM) paint
This is particularly noticable for mixing
formulas...
... if too many mixing colors were used
for the formula or for tinting
24 05.04.19
Metamerism
25 05.04.18
Metamerism
Metamerism check in the coloristic lab
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Light references
Illuminants A, D65 and F2 are referring to a
number of Kelvin (absolute temperature scale)
North Sky daylight : 6500 K
(D65)
Office lighting neon : 4150 K (F2)
Home lighting incandescent : 2856 K (A)
Colour Type D65
Daylight Bulb
400 500 600 700
Colour Type A
Bulb
400 500 600 700
Colour Type F2
Cool White Fluorescent 400 500 600 700
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Chapter 1 • What is Color ?
• Deficiencies in Color Sensation
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Born: September, 6th 1766
Eaglesfield, England
Died: July 27th 1844
Manchester, England
John Dalton
Daltonism
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Color Deficiencies
normal red
green
red
green
blue
yellow
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What we see – how we see.
What is wrong here?
34 05.01.02
Color Blindness
12
35 05.01.06
Color Blindness
74
36 05.01.09
Color Blindness
2
37 05.01.12
Color Blindness
38 05.01.15
Color Blindness
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Chapter 1 • What is Color ?
• Deficiencies in Color Sensation
• Limitations
40
After-image
+
+
+
+
+
+
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After-Image
48 05.02.02
Simultaneous contrast
49 05.02.03
Simultaneous contrast
50 05.02.04
Simultaneous contrast
51 05.02.05
Simultaneous contrast
52 05.02.11
Simultaneous contrast
53 05.02.12
Simultaneous contrast
The same grey!
54 05.02.13
Simultaneous contrast
55 05.02.13
Simultaneous contrast
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Simultaneous contrast
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Simultaneous contrast
The same blue!
58 05.02.18
What is white
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What is white?
05.02.19
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What is white?
Color College – Limitations
05.02.21 i
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What is white?
05.02.22
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What is white?
05.02.23
White – whiter – whitest … ... or what?
This half is lighter, isn’t it …?
... than this!
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Hermann – Grid Illusion.
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Hermann – Grid Illusion.
Color College – Limitations
05.02.25
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Optical Illusion
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Chapter 1 • What is Color ?
• Deficiencies in Color Sensation
• Limitations
• Color Circles and Color Matching
68 05.06.01
Color basics.
TV
additive color mixing subtractive color mixing
69 05.06.02
Mixed colors.
Additive mixing:
interference pigments
Substractive mixing:
absorption-pigments, dyes
70 05.06.03
Goethe‘s color circle.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 - 1832)
Goethe‘s color circle
71 05.06.04
Color circle according to Munsell.
Albert Henry Munsell (1858 -1918) Color circle according to Munsell
72 05.06.12
Color position
The name of a color (or color family)
“red“ „blue“ „green“ „violet“ „yellow“
1. Dimension = the color group
defines the position in the color circle
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defines the distance of the color to grey
The strength of a color
The quality by which we distinguish one group of similar colors from
another
„bright red“ „pale yellow“ „signal orange“
2. Dimension = the saturation
Color position
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defines the distance of this color between black and white
The lightness of a color
“dark red“ „light blue“ „medium green“ „dark violet“ „light yellow“
3. Dimension = the lightness
Color position
75 05.06.15
h° Color group
the name of a color
(or color family)
C* the strength of a color
(distance to grey)
Saturation
L* the lightness of a color
Lightness
Color position
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A three-dimensional model like:
longitude, latitude, altitude
(geographic)
length, width, depth (in
general)
Color group
Saturation
Lightness
h°
C*
L*
three independent variables!
Color position
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h = color group
...i.e. the position
in the color circle
L = lightness
...i.e. the position between
black and white
C
h
L
Description according to CIELCH
C = saturation
...i.e. the distance
to grey!
Color position
78 05.06.18
Sättigung
Helli
gke
itFarbgruppe
Grey
Color position
79 05.06.19
The three
dimensional
color space
Color position
80 05.07.03
Systems to measure color differences
The color group
(hue) and saturation
(chroma) give a two
dimensional picture.
The CIE L*a*b* - System
81 05.07.05
+ a
L (=100)
L (=0)
+ b
- a
- b
The CIE L*a*b* - System
Systems to measure color differences
82 05.07.06
L (=100)
L (=0)
+ a
+ b
- a
- b
increasing L-value
The CIE L*a*b* - System
Systems to measure color differences
83 05.07.07
L (=100)
L (=0)
+ a
+ b
- a
- b
decreasing L-value
The CIE L*a*b* - System
Systems to measure color differences
84 05.07.09
The ΔE value.
The ΔE-value discribes a color difference numerically.
Example:
Standard ( L=80 + A=45 + B=58 )
Formula ( L=74 + A=48 + B=56 )
Difference ( L=6² + A=3² + B=2² )
( L=36 + A=9 + B=4 )
( root of 49 )
ΔE = 7
Color differences up to ΔE = 1.0 are normally within tolerance
range.
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b
a
b
a
1
2
L = difference on the lightness axis. (black-white)
a = difference on color axis (red-green)
b = difference on color axis (yellow-blue)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COLOR 1 AND COLOR 2:
E = ( L)² + ( a)² + ( b)²
The CIE L*a*b* - System
Systems to measure color differences
86 05.07.11
= measured color difference between color 1 and color 2
L (=100)
L (=0)
+ a
+ b
- a
- b
1
2
The CIE L*a*b* - System
Systems to measure color differences
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measuring record (example) :
The CIE L*a*b* - System
Color scale ORIGINAL OBJECT DIFFERENCES
(AXES)
L* 36,84 37,77 0,93
a* - 24,10 - 24,59 - 0,49
b* 12,00 11,88 - 0,12
E* 1,05
Systems to measure color differences
88 05.07.13
Color blue.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Wavelength (nm)
Remission value
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Color yellow.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Wavelength (nm)
Remission value
90 05.07.15
Dull color shade and bright color shade.
Small gradient between peak and valley
= dull color
Large gradient between peak and valley
= bright color
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Chapter 2 • Formula Development
• OEM Deviations
• Different kinds of Pigments
• The Color Flop
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Color development specialists at work
Development of Colour Formulas
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Development of Colour Formulas
Formula Request:
The Standard is
investigated with an
electronic microscope.
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The computer generated
formulation is being mixed.
Development of Colour Formulas
Formula Request:
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Automatic test panel sprayer
Development of Colour Formulas
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All colors are sprayed with an
automatic testpanel sprayer
in a controlled environment
Development of Colour Formulas
Formula Request:
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All sprayouts are dried in
special ovens.
Development of Colour Formulas
Formula Request:
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The OEM standard is
compared to the spray
out in a light box
Development of Colour Formulas
Formula Request:
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Checked with-
Sodium Light
(especially Red Colors)
Development of Colour Formulas
Formula Request:
100
The computer prediction
is not always perfect a
further adjustment will
be required in this case
Development of Colour Formulas
Formula Request:
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The final approval
is only given after
inspection by the human
eye.
Development of Colour Formulas
Formula Request:
102
Chapter 2 • Formula Development
• OEM Deviations
• Different kinds of Pigments
• The Color Flop
103 05.05.01
Orientation of metallic in OEM.
Bell and pneumatic
Bell
Pneumatic
104 05.05.02
Color deviations in OEM production.
Masterpanel
Approval Coloristics
105 05.05.03
Color deviations in OEM production.
Masterpanel
Approval Coloristics
Color reproduced in coloristics is almost identical
106 05.05.04
Color deviations in OEM production.
Master
panel
Approval
Coloristics
Approval
Production
Plant 1
Approval
Production
Plant 2
Approval
Production
Plant 4
Approval
Production
Plant 3
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How do Variants come into existence?
tolerance range
Master
Approval
Service formula (if requested) Version D
lighter darker
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Geometrical Color Variation
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Geometrical Color Variation
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Geometrical Color Variation
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Geometrical Color Variation
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Chapter 2 • Formula Development
• OEM Deviations
• Different kinds of Pigments
• The Color Flop
114 05.09.01
Interaction of pigments with light.
Interference pigments
Specific color, gloss and color flop by interference effects
Metal effect pigments Metal gloss by light reflection
Absorbtion pigments
Specific color by light absorbtion
115 05.09.02
Absorption of solid colors.
The more finely the pigment
particles are dispersed, the
higher the absorption and
therefore also the hiding power.
116 05.09.03
Saturation and hiding power.
high brilliance
low hiding power
low dispersion Coarse aluminium bronze
matt
good hiding power
high dispersion Fine aluminium bronze
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One of the first silver Metallic Colours
118 05.09.04
Brilliance of aluminium bronze.
Coarse
aluminium
high gloss
low hiding power
low brightening
power
119 05.09.05
Brilliance of aluminium bronze.
Fine
aluminium bronze
low gloss
good hiding power
good brightening
power
120 05.09.06
Brilliance of aluminium bronze.
Silverdollar
top gloss
medium hiding
power
medium brightening
power
121 05.09.07
Aluminium effect pigments.
Corn Flake Al (400x, BF) Dollar Flake Al (400x, BF)
122 05.09.08
Flop behaviour of metallic colors.
Reflection on ideally oriented aluminium platelets
Reflection on unevenly oriented aluminium platelets
Viewing angle
Aluminium platelets
123 05.09.09
Absorption and scattering of metallic colors.
transparent red pigment
aluminium platelet
metallic basecoat
substrate
124 05.09.10
Raw material for pearl pigments.
Natural
Mica
125 05.09.12
Particle size and morphology.
<15 µm 5 - 25 µm 10 - 40 µm 20 - 100 µm 10 - 200 µm
Thickness: 0.1 - 0.5 µm
Unprocessed Mica particles
126 05.09.13
Electron Microscopic view of a Mica pigment.
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TiO 2 -
TiO 2 -
TiO 2 - Layer
Mica
TiO 2 - Layer
Pearl Pigment (Silver-White)
128 05.09.16
Interference pigments (pearls).
depending on the thickness you get different reflection and
transmission colors
Coating: Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
40-60 nm 60-80 nm 80-100 nm 100-140 nm 120-
160 nm
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One of the first Pearl White Colours
130 05.09.14
The substrate and coating principles.
Metal oxide (TiO2 for transp.)
Mica
Natural raw material: Mica
limited control over
substrate finish
Synthetically produced
substrate
exact control over
substrate finish
Metal oxide
Al2O3
Synthetically produced
substrate
exact control over
substrate finish
Metal oxide
SiO2
131 05.09.18
The influence of the substrate on interference pigments.
white substrate
higher dispersion
result:
blue content is weakened
black substrate
yellow content is absorbed
result:
strong blue in reflection
Iriodin 9225 (Mix 803 / Mix 303)
132 05.09.19
Frost / satin glow effect.
light
microtitanium particle
aluminium platelet
blue
green yellow
red
Mix 810 / Mix 310
133 05.09.27
Paliocrom.
Paliocrom L 2000 30,0% Corn Flake Al 1,5%
Phthalocyanine Green P.G. 36
Phthalocyanine Blue P.B. 15:2
Bright Field, 400x
Mix 806 / Mix 306
134 05.09.20
Comparison of pearl pigments (white).
400x, Bright Field 400x, Bright Field
Ir 9103 (Mix 801 / Mix 301) Ir 9121 (Mix 829 / Mix 329)
135 05.09.21
Iriodin 9205 Rutile Platinum Gold.
200x, Bright Field 200x, Dark Field
Mix 802 / Mix 302
136 05.09.22
Iriodin 9215 Rutile Red Pearl.
Mix 831 / Mix 331
200x, Bright Field 200x, Dark Field
137 05.09.23
Iriodin 9219 Rutile Lilac Pearl.
Mix 821 / Mix 321
200x, Bright Field 200x, Dark Field
138 05.09. 24
Iriodin 9225 Rutile Blue Pearl.
Mix 803 / Mix 303
200x, Bright Field 200x, Dark Field
139 05.09.25
Iriodin 9235 Rutile Green Pearl.
Mix 824 / Mix 324
200x, Bright Field 200x, Dark Field
140 05.09.26
Iriodin 9505 Red-Violet.
Mix 841 / Mix 341
200x, Bright Field 200x, Dark Field
141 05.09.28
New effect pigment generations.
142 05.09.29
Xirallic T60-10 SW Crystal Silver.
200x, Bright Field 200x, Dark Field
143 05.09.30
Xirallic T60-20 SW Sunbeam Gold.
200x, Bright Field 200x, Dark Field
144 05.09.31
New effect pigment generations.
145
Colorstream Pigment
146
Colorstream Pigment
147
Colorstream Pigment Arctic Fire
L*,a*,b*-values at different illumination/detection angles
148 05.09.32
Microscopic view of effect pigments on silica basis.
Colorstream
200x, Bright Field 400x, Bright Field
149 05.09.33
Colorstream F20-00 WNT.
Autumn Mystery
200x, Bright Field
150 05.09.34
Colorstream F20-00 WNT.
Autumn Mystery
400x, Bright Field
151 05.09.36
Colorstream T20-01 WNT.
Viola Fantasy
400x, Bright Field
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Arctic Fire
Colorstream T20-02 WNT.
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SiO2/MgF2
SiO2/MgF2
Cr/Ni/Al
Cr/Ni/Al
Al High reflectiv
Metal layer
Dielectric layer
Semi-transparent
metal layer
Dielectric layer
Semi-transparent
metal layer
Layers on a ChromaFlair Pigment
(Exclusive Line)
154 05.09.37
Chromaflair under the microscope.
Chromaflair Green - Purple
155
Chapter 2 • Formula Development
• OEM Deviations
• Different kinds of Pigments
• The Color Flop
156 05.12.15
Particle orientation with effect additive.
Ideal pigment orientation
Base coat without
effect additive
Slowed pigment orientation
…under the influence of effect
additive Mix 009
Standohyd Basecoat
157
Standohyd MIX characteristics
05.12.05
Mix 388 Mix 359 Mix 358 Mix 357
Mix 388
Flop
Mix 358
Flop
Mix 357
Flop
Transparent Mixing Colors
Flop
Mix 359
158
Standohyd MIX characteristics
Mix 388
Mix 388 Flop
Mix 359
Mix 359
Flop
Mix 358
Mix 358 Flop
Mix 357
Mix 357 Flop
Mix 358
Flop
Mix 357
Flop
05.12.06
Transparent Mixing Colors
Mix 388 Flop
Mix 359
Flop
159 05.12.22
Alu bronze
Standohyd Aluminium MIX’s
Why are there so many types of silver?
coarse silverdollar bronze
(Mix 311)
fine conventional bronze
(Mix 394)
160 05.12.23
Alu bronze
Standohyd Aluminium MIX’s
Mix 394 Mix 390 Mix 393 Mix 395/313
conventional, coarse types
brillant “silverdollar“ types
Mix 311/312 Mix 398
161 05.12.24
Alu bronze in comparison
Standohyd Aluminium MIX’s
Mix 394 Mix 390 Mix 393
Mix 398
finer greyer
coarser more brilliant
conventional alu bronzes seen from above
Mix 395 Mix 313*
*brill.version of 395
silverdollar bronzes seen from above
Mix 312 Mix 311*
*brill.version of 312
162 05.12.25
Alu bronze in comparison
more color intensive less color
intensive
greyer
more brilliant
Mix 398 Mix 311
Mix 394
Mix 390
Mix 393
Mix 395
Mix 313
Mix 312
Standohyd Aluminium MIX’s
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