Status black-foot pathogens Viena 2016managtd.eu/images/uploads/content/214/J Armengol_COST ACtion...

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Josep Armengol and Carlos Agustí-Brisach

VIENNA, February 25 th - 26 th, 2016

jarmengo@eaf.upv.es

STATUS OF BLACK-FOOT PATHOGENS OF GRAPEVINES

BLACK-FOOT PATHOGENS OF GRAPEVINE

BBLACKLACK--FOOTFOOTPATHOGENSPATHOGENS

SOILBORNESOILBORNE PATHOGENS OF PATHOGENS OF THE ROOT SYSTEM AND THE ROOT SYSTEM AND

CROWN AREACROWN AREA

SYMPTOMS

►Root decay ►Crown root

►Wilting of foliage ►Plant death

►Reduction in yield and quality

BBLACKLACK--FOOTFOOTPATHOGENSPATHOGENS

SOILBORNESOILBORNE PATHOGENS OF PATHOGENS OF THE ROOT SYSTEM AND THE ROOT SYSTEM AND

CROWN AREACROWN AREA

CHALLENGES

►Simultaneous infections from multiple species result in a disease complex►Survive in soil for many years (chlamydospores)►Difficult to predict, detect and diagnose►Soil environment is extremely complex

BLACK-FOOT PATHOGENS OF GRAPEVINE

•Caused by a complex of species from different genera

•Main diseases associated with young grapevine decline

•Frequently detected in grapevine nurseries

BLACK-FOOT

Halleen et al., 2004. Studies in Mycology 50: 431-455.

BLACK-FOOT

E F G H

Colonies of black-foot pathogens grown on PDA. A, Ilyonectria destructans; B, Dactylonectria pauciseptata; C, Neonectria obtusispora; D, D. alcacerensis; E, Ilyonectria. liriodendri; F, D. novozelandica; G, D. macrodidyma; H, D. torresensis; I, Campylocarpon fasciculare; J, Campyl. pseudofasciculare; K, Cylindrocladiella parva; L, Cyl. peruviana. (Agustí-Brisach and Armengol, 2013. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 52: 245-261).

►Cylindrocarpon-like anamorphs

►Cylindrocladiella

Cylindrocarpon

• C. destructans (Booth, 1966)

• C. obtusisporum (Booth, 1966)

TAXONOMY ►Cylindrocarpon-like anamorphs

Cylindrocarpon

• C. destructans (Booth, 1966)

• C. obtusisporum (Booth, 1966)

• C. macrodidymum (Halleen et al., 2004)

• C. liriodendri (Halleen et al., 2006b)

• C. pauciseptatum (Schroers et al., 2008)

Campylocarpon

• Campyl. fasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)

• Campyl. pseudofasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)

Multigene analyses: ITS and βTUB

Chaverri et al., 2011; Cabral et al., 2012

“Cylindrocarpon”/Ilyonectria

• “C”. destructans

• “C”. obtusisporum

• “C”. pauciseptatum

• I. liriodendri

• I. alcacerensis

• I. estremocensis

• I. macrodidyma

• I. novozelandica

• I. torresensis

• I. sp. 1

• I. sp. 2

I. macrodidymacomplex

Campylocarpon

IlyonectriaNew genus

Chaverri et al., 2011; Cabral et al., 2012

“Cylindrocarpon”/Ilyonectria

• “C”. destructans

• “C”. obtusisporum

• “C”. pauciseptatum

• I. liriodendri

• I. alcacerensis

• I. estremocensis

• I. macrodidyma

• I. novozelandica

• I. torresensis

• I. sp. 1

• I. sp. 2

I. macrodidymacomplex

Multigene analyses:

ITS, TUB, histone H3 gene (his3)and translation-elongation factor 1-α (TEF).

Campylocarpon

IlyonectriaNew genus

Dactylonectria/Ilyonectria/Neonectria

• D. alcacerensis • Ilyonectria destructans

• D. estremocensis • I. europaea

• D. macrodidyma • I. liriodendri

• D. novozelandica • I. lusitanica

• D. pauciseptata • I. pseudodestructans

• D. torresensis • I. robusta

• D. vitis • I. sp. 1

• I. sp. 2

• Neonectria obtusispora

Campylocarpon

Lombard et al., 2014

• I. sp. 2

Campylocarpon

• I. sp. 2

Campylocarpon

DactylonectriaNew genus

Multigene analyses:

ITS, β-TUB, Partial 28S nrRNAgene (LSU), ATP citrate liase (acl1), RNA polymerase II largest subunit (rpb1), RNA polymerase II second largestsubunit (rpb2), canmoldulin(cmdA), α-actin (act), histone H3 (his3), and translation-elongation factor 1-α (TEF).

TAXONOMY

Cylindrocladiella• Cyl. parva (Crous and Wingfield, 1993; Lombard et al., 2012)• Cyl. peruviana (Crous and Wingfield, 1993; Lombard et al., 2012)

►Cylindrocladiella

Morphology - Dactylonectria, Ilyonectria, Neonectria

Conidiophores: 40–160 μm long, generally simple, unbranched or sparsely branched

Macro- and microconidia: abundant

Macroconidia: Straight or curved, hyaline, 1–3-septate, rarely > 3-septate, generally with a prominent basal or lateral abscission scar or hilum

Microconidia: Ellipsoidal to ovoid, hyaline, 0–1-septate, with a lateral or basal hilum

Chlamydospores: Abundant, generally intercalary,globose, single or in chains, becoming brownish

Colony colour: White to yellow or light todark brown

Conidiophores: Appear arising laterally from single or fasciculate aerial hyphae or from creeping substrate hyphae, singly or in loose or dense aggregates

Macroconidia: Mostly curved, hyaline, with up to 6-septate, apical cell obtuse, basal cell obtuse or withinconspicuous hilum

Microconidia: Absent

Chlamydospores: Rare or also absent

Colony color: White to off-white or slightlybrownish

Morphology - Campylocarpon

Colony color: Dark to light brown

Conidiophores: Hyaline, single, subverticillate, as well as penicillate, with primary and secondary branches

Conidia: Cylindrical, rounded at both ends, straight, hyaline, (0) –1-septate, sometimes becomingswollen at one end with age

Chlamydospores: Abundant or moderate, more frequently arranged in chains than clusters

Morphology - Cylindrocladiella

• They are soilborne fungi able to act as saprophytes in plant debris andweeds, or as pathogens affecting grapevine or other hosts:

•Actinidia chinensis (Erper et al., 2011; 2013)•Arecaceae spp. (Aiello et al., 2014)•Eriobotrya japonica (Agustí-Brisach et al., 2016)•Liriodendron tulipifera (MacDonald and Butler, 1981)•Olea europaea (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2012)•Panax quinquefolius (Rahman and Punja, 2005)•Persea americana (Vitale et al., 2012)•Pinus radiata (Agustí-Brisach et al., 2011)•Pinus sylvestris (Menkis and Burokiene, 2012)•Proteaceae spp. (Lombard et al., 2013)•Vivurnum tinus (Aiello et al., 2015)

• Several species produce chlamydospores, which facilitate the survival in soil for long periods of time

Black-foot pathogens - Biology and hosts

Black-foot pathogens - Epidemiology

Nursery field

Hydration tanks Scissors

Grafting machines

Peat used for callusing

Rootstock mother fields

Black foot pathogens detected:

• Dactylonectria macrodidyma

• D. novozelandica

• D. pauciseptata

• D. torresensis

• Ilyonectria sp. 2

• I. liriodendri

Grapevine nurseries

Control +

Control –

Soil DNA

Black-foot pathogens - Epidemiology

Control

D. macrodidymaIsolate MH-44

qPCR from soil DNAs

Arecaceae spp.

Ilyonectria palmarum

Aiello et al., 2014. European Journal of Plant PathologyPlant Pathology 138: 347-359

Proteaceae spp.

Ilyonectria capensis

Lombard et al., 2013. Australasian Plant Pathology 42: 337-349

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica)

Cylindrodendrum alicantinum

Agustí-Brisach et al., 2016. European Journal of Plant Pathology(in press).

Thanks to:

►Dr. Carlos Agustí-BrisachDepartamento de Agronomía-Patología Agroforestal

Universidad de Córdoba (Spain)

►Research Group onPhytopathogenic Fungi

Josep Armengol and Carlos Agustí-Brisach

VIENNA, February 25 th - 26 th, 2016

jarmengo@eaf.upv.es

STATUS OF BLACK-FOOT PATHOGENS OF GRAPEVINES

Status black-foot pathogens Viena 2016managtd.eu/images/uploads/content/214/J Armengol_COST ACtion...

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