Storage of Renewable Energy in the Natural Gas Grid “Power ... · -FAQ - ¾How is long-term ......

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M. Specht1, U. Zuberbühler1, M. Sterner2, G. Waldstein3

Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research (ZSW), Stuttgart2)

Fraunhofer

Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES), Kassel 3)

SolarFuel

GmbH, Stuttgart

Storage of Renewable Energy in the Natural Gas Grid“Power-to-Gas –

Technology”

Speicherung Erneuerbarer Energie im Erdgasnetz

Deutsche Umwelthilfe, Congress “Energy Storage and Nature Conservation”,21.02.2011, Berlin

Agenda: Storage of Renewable Energy (RE) in the Natural Gas Grid

GoalSNG Production Routes from RE

Biogas SNG (Fermentative Route)Biomass Gasification SNG (Thermo-chemical Route)CO2 + Power SNG“Biogenic C”

+ Power SNG

Conversion EfficiencyEnvironmental Benefits of SNG from REConclusion / Next Steps

SNG: Substitute

Natural

Long Term Storage of Renewable Energy - FAQ -

How is long-term storage of energy realised today?

How much capacity do we need for RE storage?

What is the best way to collect and to store RE?

Can the existing infrastructure be used to store and to distribute RE?

What are the environmental impacts of storage technologies?

Land consumption of storage sites

Land consumption for power transmission

Other impacts like interference with landscape, electro smog, etc.

Energy Consumption and Storage Capacity in Germany (2008)

Electricity Natural gas Liquid fuels1)

Consumption [TWh/a] 615 930 707

Average power [GW] 70 1062) 81

Storage capacity [TWh] 0,043) 2174) 2505)

Calculated operating range of installed storage capacity6) [h] 0,6 2000 3100

1) Petrol, diesel, kerosene2) Seasonally fluctuating3) Pumped hydro storage4) 47 Underground gas storage facilities [Landesamt

Bergbau, Energie

und Geologie

(LBEG), Hannover]5) Provisioning of petrol, diesel, kerosene and heating oil6) Related to average power

Required storage capacity for electricity grid in DE: 20 -

40 TWh

Options for Long Term (Seasonal) Energy Storage: Chemical Energy Carriers

Hydrogen

Substitute Natural Gas (SNG)

Liquid Hydrocarbons

Renewable Energy Storage Systems: Capacity and Discharge Time

1 kWh 10 kWh 100 kWh 1 MWh 10 MWh 100 MWh 1 GWh 10 GWh 100 GWh

1 TWh 10 TWh 100 TWh

Wheels

Storage capacity of different storage types

CAES Compressed

energy

storage

PHS Pumped

storage

SNG Substitute

natural

Batteries

Goal SNG Production Routes from RE

+ Power SNG

SNG: Substitute

Natural

(Digestive) Biomass SNG: State-of-the-Art - Technology

AnaerobicDigester

Gas Cleaning /Conditioning

Bio-Gas

50 - 70 vol.-%CH4

DigestiveBiomass

Compost

Separation of• CO2

• H2O• Impurities

(to Grid orFilling

Station)

(Digestive) Biomass SNG:Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Gas Upgrading

Biogas

Vacuum pump

Off-gas(CO2)

Flushing gas

Water separator

Compressor

+ Power SNG

SNG: Substitute

Natural

(Woody) Biomass SNG:“BtG” Biomass-to-Gas

CO, H2

Gasification

Biomass

Producer Gas

SNG(CH1.52

(Synthesis Gas)

(Gas conditioning,stoichiometry

adjustment)

Step 2nd

Synthesis

Step: (Woody) Biomass Producer Gas:Gas Composition of Different Biomass Gasifiers

RENUGAS (1)

Carbo-V

HTW (3

)DMT (4

)MTCI (5

)DM2 (

6)Batt

elle (

7)Wrig

ht/Malt

(9)FIC

FB (10)

AER (11)

H2 CO CO2 CH4 Ethane+Ethylene

autothermal allothermal

Step: Producer Gas SNG:Methanation of COx

CO + 3 H2 CH4 + H2

ΔH298K

206.2 kJ/molCH4

CO2 + 4 H2

+ 2 H2

ΔH298K

165.5 kJ/molCH4

2 CO + 2 H2

ΔH298K

246.8 kJ/molCH4

SNG Generation in Fixed Bed Molten Salt Cooled Reactor

Product Gas from AER-Process

Salt Loop C

Goal:SNG without downstream CO-shift

and without CO2

separation

due to in situ AER adjustment of Syngas

stoichiometry

Demo-plant: 100 kWSNG

Concept presented at ACHEMA Fair in May 2009 (cooperation ZSW with MAN-

DWE, Germany)

AER Producer

Gas SNGExperimental Results

Methanation

AER producer

gas CH4

-rich product

Parameter of methanation:

T = 250 -

500 °C

= 6,5 bar

= 3000 1/h

+ Power SNG

SNG: Substitute

Natural

Power-to-Gas (PtG) -

Concept: Basic Layout

CCPP / B-CHP

buffer

Grid Gas distribution system

Electrolysis /

bufferMethanation

POWER GENERATION

ELECTRICITY STORAGE

storage

CCPP: Combined Cycle Power Plant; B-CHP: Block-type Combined Heat and Power Station

Power-to-Gas -

Concept: Interconnection with Mobility

Electric Vehicle

BEV: Battery Electric Vehicle

FCEV: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

CNG-V: Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle

Plug-In HEV: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle

(especial: Plug-In Electric Drive Motor Vehicles / Range-Extended Electric Vehicle)

CCPP Combined

power plant

B-CHP Block-type combined heat and power station

WindCCPP / B-CHP

buffer

Electricitygrid

Gas distribution

system

Electrolysis

bufferMethanation

POWER GENERATION

ELECTRICITY STORAGE

underground

storage

Electricity H2 SNG

BEV FCEV CNG-V

Mobility

Plug-In HEV Plug-In HEV

Power-to-Gas -

Technology: Technical Realisation for SolarFuel

Company

-Filling stationca. 15 kg, 200 bar

Electrolyser

-Recovery

+ Power SNGExperimental Results

Methanation

Synthetic educt

gas CH4

-rich product gas

Parameter of methanation:

T = 250 -

500°C

= 6 bar

= 4000 1/h

Biogas SNG (Fermentative Route)Biomass Gasification SNG (Thermo-chemical Route)CO2 + Power SNG“Biogenic C” + Power SNG

SNG: Substitute

Natural

Utilisation of Biogenic CO2

Resources for PtG-Process

Simplified overall reaction

H5OH + 2

Biogas production:

Ethanol production:

Biogas plant, Foto: Krautkremer

plant in Nebraska, USA

Power-to-Gas -

Concept: Option 1 –

Interconnection with Biogas Plant

CCPP / B-CHP

buffer

Electrolysis /

bufferH2

POWER GENERATION

ELECTRICITY STORAGE

storageBiomass

Biogas plant with

SNG production

Methanation

Power-to-Gas -

Interconnection with Biogas Plant

CCPP / B-CHP

buffer

Electrolysis /

bufferH2

Biogas

POWER GENERATION

ELECTRICITY STORAGE

Biogas

storageBiomass

Biogas

Methanation

HeatCH4

/CO2CH4

Power-to-Gas -

Container: Operation at a Biogas Plant with Biogas and PSA Off-Gas

Power-to-Gas -

Container: Operation with PSA Off-Gas at a Biogas Plant

00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00

Dauer [hh:mm]

CH4 H2 CO2 O2

Power-to-Gas -

Interconnection with Biomass Gasification

CCPP / B-CHP

/CO/CO2

buffer

Electrolysis /

bufferH2

Syngas

POWER GENERATION

ELECTRICITY STORAGE

Syngas

storageBiomass

Gasifi-

cation

Methanation

/CO/CO2 H2

/CO/CO2

+ Power SNG

SNG: Substitute

Natural

Schematic

Diagram of a Wind-to-SNG

Plant for

IPSEpro Process

Simulation (Feed: CO2

and Biogas/H2

SettingsEnergy demand electrolysis:

4 kWhel

/mN3H2

System pressure:

7 barabsGrid pressure:

16 barabs

Energy Flow of a Wind-to-SNG -

1: “CO2

-to-SNG"Case

2: "Biogas/H2

-to-SNG“

(50 / 50 [Vol.%CH4

/ Vol.%CO2

] in biogas)Case

3: "Biogas/H2

-to-SNG“

(70 / 30 [Vol.%CH4

/ Vol.%CO2

] in biogas)

Influence of Electrolysis Efficiency on Wind-to-SNG System Efficiency (CO2

-to-SNG)

3,5 3,7 3,9 4,1 4,3 4,5 4,7 4,9 5,1

Electrolysis power requirement [kWhel

/mN3H2

Comparison Storage Efficiency incl. Re-Conversion: H2

vs. SNG

100 60 ca. 35

ElectrolysisMethanisation

Gas/steampower plantη

= 58 %

100 75 ca. 34

Electrolysis Gas engineη

= 45 %

+ Power SNG

SNG: Substitute

Natural

Land Consumption: Pumped Hydro Storage vs. Power-to-Gas Storage

Goldisthal Source: e.on

Pumped hydro power

Water surface, Dam, Bank reinforcement

Land use: 2 -

44 kWhpot

ηturbine

88 %ηpump

= 85 %

Underground storage facilities / PtG

Well site: 40 m x 60 m; Over ground facility, gas compression station: 200 m x 200 m; Security area

Land use: ca. 100 000 kWhSNG

ηSNG electricity < 60 %ηelectricity SNG = 60 - 65 %

Landscape Impact of Electricity Transmission

Transmission power line

Land Consumption: SNG Transmission vs. Electricity Transmission

Sources: Wuppertal Institut

Klima, Umwelt

und Energie; P. Konstantin; G. Wossog; H. Brakelmann; OMV

Gas Electricity

Pressure Diameter Transmission power

Protection strip Voltage

Trans-

mission

Overhead line, Route width

Underground

cable,

Protect. strip

[bar] [DN] [GW] [m] [kV] [GW] [m] [m]

< 0,1 50-600 < 0,1 2 -

10 0,4 (low) 10 1

> 0,1-1 100-400 0,01 -

0,2 2 -

8 1-24 (medium) 20 4

> 1-16 300-600 0,8 -

10 50-170 (high) 0,3 44 7

900 9 -

12 8 -

10 220 (high) 0,5 55 9

1000 12 -

16 8 -

10 380 (high) 0,9 70

1400 21 -

28 8 -

Transmission power:

Gas pipeline < 70 GW Power line < 7 GW

Environmental Benefits: Emissions Reduction through CNG-Vehicles

-80% -80%

CO NMHC GHG OZONE CO NMHC NOx GHG OZONE

in relation to gasoline in relation to Diesel

Source: nach

Fachverband

und Wärmeversorgungsunternehmen, Wien

1) Green house gas reduction by using natural gas;nearly 100 % reduction by using renewable SNG!

Environmental Benefits -

SNG Utilisation in CNG Cars: “Wind Energy for Mobility”

Opel Zafira

1.6 CNG ecoFLEX

Turbo, CNG cruising range: 370 km

85 000 CNG vehicles on the road875 filling stations

(Germany, 2009)

VW Passat

1.4 TSI EcoFuel,CNG cruising range: 480 km

Daimler B 180 NGT, CNG cruising range: 370 km

SNG Utilisation in CNG Trucks: Clean Fuel for Densely Populated Areas

SNG Utilisation in μ-CHP: Virtual Power Plant

100 65 ca. 60

ElectrolysisMethanisation

μ-CHPpower plantη

< 60 % (electric)

Today:Lichtblick-Conceptwith VW μ-CHP,ηel

= 33 % Tomorrow:BlueGEN

SOFC fromCeramic FuelCells Limited,

= 60 %

+ Power SNG

SNG: Substitute

Natural

Integration of Renewable Energy in Electricity and Gas Grid

Natural Gas (NG)

Load = Feed (at any time)

Load ≠

Feed (at the same time)

FEED LOAD

Electricity Grid

Conventional Power

Gas Grid

Gas Storage > 200 TWh

„Electricity“

Storage 0,04 TWh

Fluctuation Electricity from Renewables

Gas from Renewables

Backup Power

Production and Utilisation Flexibility of Renewable SNG

Upgraded biogas via anaerobic digestion

Bio-SNG via biomass

gasification

E-Gas via Power-to-

Gas-Process

Electricity generation (EEG)

Mobility

Heating market, Industry

Combined cycle power plant

Peak power (gas turbine)

plant (Aviation Fuel)

Production Utilisation

Pool renewable

μ-CHP (virtual power plant)

Conclusion: Advantages of Renewable SNG / PtG

Technology

Inspired by nature: “PtG as artificial photosynthesis”

Increasing importance of (S)NG backup power for load balancing

SNG is an ideal chemical storage medium for RE

Storage of RE with “unlimited” storage capacity in the gas grid

Utilisation of existing underground gas storage facilities

Stabilization of electricity grid (positive and negative control power)

Merging of the energy sectors “electricity grid”, “gas grid”, and “mobility”

Conclusion: Combination Renewable Electricity and Bio-energy

Biomass contains renewable carbon and is therefore predestined for the generation of carbon-based fuels

The combination biomass/electricity from RE offers a 3 times higher output of carbon-based fuels compared to biomass alone

Biomass and renewable electricity are ideal partners !

Conclusion: Environmental Benefits

No environmental disadvantages of renewable SNG compared to other existing storage technologies for RELong term storage in the form of SNG enables a 100 % RE system (without coal and nuclear power plants)PtG-Technology without limitation of agricultural areaReduced land consumption for SNG transmission via pipelines compared to high voltage electricity transmissionReduced land consumption for the SNG storage facility compared to pumped hydro powerCO2-neutral Carbon-based fuel for mobility

Reduced traffic pollutant emissions (no particles, 90 % NOxreduction vs. Diesel engines, etc.)

Vision: Wind Energy for Mobility –

SNG as CO2

- neutral fuel for

sustainable mobility

Timeline Commercialisation

Alpha-plant (25 KWel): Nov. 2009

Alpha-plus-plant (250 kWel): spring 2012

Beta-plant (6 MWel): 2013

Gamma-plant(> 6 MWel

, commercial product):

Co-operation partners of ZSW:

An interesting discussion !

Thanks for your kind attention.

Storage of Renewable Energy in the Natural Gas Grid “Power ... · -FAQ - ¾How is long-term ......

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