Post on 30-Aug-2021
transcript
SUBJECT INDEX
Abrasive properties, 1343
Abrasives, 1203
Abrasive wear tests, 1203
Absorption, 77
Accelerated dissolution, 1135
Acid catalyzed hydrolysis, 1321
Acid resistance, 1003
Acoustic emission, 1891, 2039,
2511
Acid value, 569
Activation energy, 209, 711, 1189,
2371' 2403' 2557
Activation process, 2579
Activation volume, 2487
Activator, 973
Active carbon, 77
Adhesion, 995, 1003, 1773
Adhesion fiber matrix, 1773
Adhesion testing, 995
Adhesive failure, 1321
Adhesive strength of Ti-coatings,
979
Adiabatic extrusion, 577
Adiabatic shear, 1907
Adiabatic shear bands, 1007, 1907
Aerospace industry, 241, 1299
Age-hardening, 1481, 1567, 2065
Aging, 483, 507, 1527, 1535,
1583, 1605, 1683, 1689, 1835.
1961, 2243, 2541
Aging behavior, 1835, 2243
Aging treatment, 1689
Aircraft components, 257
Aircraft engines, 1269
Aircraft structural parts, 1237
Airframes, 39, 1261
Air pollution, 77
Alkaline etching, 1321
xv
Alkali resistance, 1003
Al-equivalent, 1883
Al loss, 233
Alloy design, 1883
Subject Index
Alloy development, 515, 593
Alloy strengthening, 1583
Alpha alloys, 695, 1527, 1945, 2085
Alpha lamellae break-up, 1503
<> 1 martensite, 909, 1403, 1543
<>" martensite, 1403, 1543, 1567,
1583, 1605, 1651, 1683, 2355,
2479, 2541
Alpha phase, 339, 427, 909, 1511,
1689, 1705, 1737. 1875, 2235
Alpha phase grain growth, 1705
Alpha phase volume fraction, 2235
o+p solution treatment, 2123
Alpha precipitation, 1613
<>2-precipitation, 1475, 1535, 1605,
1651, 1689
<>2-TiA13
compounds, 1403
Alpha titanium, 1445, 1797, 1945
Aluminides, 2023, 2323
Aluminum, 1697, 2665
Aluminum chloride, 2595
Aluminum equivalent, 1475
Aluminum shells, 419
Al.uminothermic process, 109
Aluminothermites, 137
Ambient air exposure test, 1003
Amorphous alloys, 203, 209
Animal experiment, 1359
Anisotropy, 689, 1789, 1891
Annealing, 483, 499, 831, 1089,
1503
Annealing temperature, 1065
Annealing time, 1065
Anodes, 1211
Subject Index
Anodic dissolution, 1189
Anodic oxidation, 2641
Anodic oxide films, 2589
Anodic protection, 2583
Anodizing process, 1321
Anomalous grain growth, 1713
Antiphase boundary, 1467
Anti-vibration properties, 1643
Application, 39, 1089
Applications of titanium castings,
157
Arc me 1 ting, 115, 129, 319
Arc pressure, 839
Arc-ring patterns, 1737
Aspect ratio, 339
Athermal decomposition of beta
phase, 1613
Atmosphere, 2171
Atmosphere drag effect, 2403
Atmospheric conditions, 103
Atomic shuffles, 1535
Atomization, 319, 389
t-type dislocations, 1797
Auger electron spectroscopy, 1773
Availability of scrap, 55
Back stresses, 1915
Backward extrusion, 577
Batch size, 3
Bauschinger effect, 1915
Bendability, 555
Bending, 2031, 2163, 2203
Bending angle, 869
Bending fatigue, 2203
Bending fatigue limit, 2163
Bending test, 869, 2203
XVI
Beta alloys, 469, 585, 717, 1667,
1789. 2227, 2533
Beta annealed condition, 2123
Beta heat treatment, 617
Beta phase, 717, 909, 1583, 1613,
1651, 1683, 1689, 1737. 1875
Beta phase alloys, 717
pQ-HDH, 2107
Beta solid solution, 1635
Beta surface equation, 1883
Beta transus temperature, 791
Biaxial tensile deformation, 547
Bicrystal, 1875
Bi-modal bar stock, 1081
Bi-modal blades, 1081
Bi-modal microstructure, 483,
1081, 1843
Binder material, 1203
Biocompatibility, 1393
Biofoul ing, 1043
Blomaterials, 1327
Biomechanical test, 1351
Black film, 1003
Blade forging, 477, 1081
Blended elemental approach, 311
Blended elemental powder, 267
Blocking effect, 1759
Bond strength, 933
Borides, 1203
Boron, 791, 799
Brazing alloys, 869
Breakdown potential, 1173
Brine, 2617
Briquette, 375
Brittle failure, 831
Brittleness, 1301, 1789
Broken-up microstructure, 179
Buckling test, 1915 Burgers relationship, 753, 1737
Butt joints, 861
c+, 2425 Can extrusion (Hooker extrusion),
577 Capillary constant, 839 Carbide cutting tools, 241
Carbides, 1203, 1559 Carbon, 903, 987, 1559 Carbon diffusion, 903 Carbon solubility, 1203 (c+a)sl ip, 1705, 1875 Casting, 15, 31, 67, 137, 145,
151. 157, 179. 187, 195, 1307,
2107 Casting heat treatment, 179 Cathodic protection, 1051, 1105,
1111. 1211 Ca vapor, 2657 C.B.D.P., .1559
Cement, 965 Centrifugal casting, 195 Centrifuges, 1261 Ceramic die, 327 Chemical composition, 249 Chemical composition of ingot,
115 Chemical equipment, 1111 Chemical homogeneity of ingot,
233 Chemical process equipment, 1149
Chip formation, 1007 Chip removal system, 241
Chips, 217, 241, 1007 Chloric-alkali, 2611
XVII· Subject Index
Chlorides, 1097, 2625 Chloride solutions, 1173 Chlorinating furnace, 77
Chlorination, 67, 97 Chlorination in melt, 97 Chlorination of titaniferrous
materials, 67
Chromium, 109, 1445, 2665 Chromium-aluminum masteralloys,
109 Clad bonding strength, 903 Clad processing behavior, 903
Cleaning, 257 Cleavage, 1789, 2023, 2031 Closed die forged disk, 507 Coarse rt+/l s fruc tu re, 1993 Coarse elongated c.rgrains, 1993 Coarse lamellar microstructure,
2267 Coating, 355. 577, 965, 973, 979,
995. 1173. 2323, 2379 Cobalt, 1745, 1759 COD design curve, 1925 Coefficient of friction, 569 Cold deformation, 1065; 1605
Cold forming, 577 Cold rolled strip, 1065 Cold rolled titanium plate, 1189
Cold rolling, 555, 569, 1575,
2195 Cold wa l l induct ion me 1 ting, 15 Cold working, 1189
Colony alpha, 1737 Columnar grains, 499 Combined die forging, 367 Commissioning, 85 Compaction, 361
Compaction forming, 367
Subject Index
Compacts, 15 Compatibility, 1875
Competition, 39, 1197
Compound formers, 397
Compression, 1851, 1875, 1907,
2203, 2379
Compression creep, 2379
Compression test, 2203
Compressor blades, 1301
Compressor disk, 1245
Computer calculation of forming
force, 577
Computer simulation of iron dif
fusion, 1767
Concavity of ground surface, 1015
Condenser backwashing system,
1043
Condenser tube, 939, 1043, 1051,
1059, 1157
Congruent point, 1459
Consolidation, 267, 375
Consumable electrode, 129
Continuous cooling transformation,
1551
·XVIII
Continuous outside diameter control,
925 Continuous smelting, 91
Coolant, 1597
Cooling rate, 203, 389, 1613, 1843, 2009, 2235
Cooling rate effects, 2009
Copper coatings, 577
Core structure, 1797
Corrosion, 151 , 1043. 1051. 1097. 1105, 1119, 1127. 1143. 1149,
1165, 1269, 1327, 1359, 1373,
2211. 2435, 2511. 2527, 2533.
2549, 2603, 2611, 2617, 2625,
2633. 2687
Corrosion fatigue, 1.351, 2211,
2435
Corrosion. in HCl, 2603
Corrosion mechanisms, 2603
Corrosion resistance, 1119, 1189
Cost, 31, 39, 151, 1181, 1197,
1229, 1237. 1315
Crack, 2395, 2425
Crack branching, 2219, 2425
Crack closure, 2065, 2115, 22i7,
2243, 2251, 2267
Crack growth, 1253, 2211, 2235,
2243, 2267, 2289, 2503, 2519,
2549
Crack growth rate, 2281, 2471,
2519
Crack initiation, 1393, 2305
Crack nucleation, 2195
Crack propagation, 601, 1253, 1993
Crack tolerance, 2211
Cracking, 531, 1119, 1977, 2435,
2455, 2495, 2511, 2533, 2541,
2549, 2565
Creep, 507, 593, 703, 717, 733,
753, 1751, 2023, 2275. 2289,
2297. 2339, 2347, 2355, 2363,
2371, 2379, 2387, 2395. 2411, 2425
Creep cavitation, 733
Creep fracture, 2023
Creep mechanisms, 2411
Creep rupture strength, 2387
Creep strength, 2379
Crevice, 1165
Crevice corrosion, 1051, 1165,
1173. 2611, 2633
Crevice geometry, 2633
Crevice width, 2633
Critical speed, 1007
Critical strain, 1907
Critical stress, 1007
Cross-hatch pull-off test, 1003
Cryogenic temperatures, 1659,
1985
Crystallization, 91, 209
Crystallographic texture, 681,
689, 815
Cu pick-up, 115
Cupping, 577
C~rrent-time curves, 2641
Cusp, 1503
Cutting of scrap, 257
Cyclic loading, 2085, 2131
Cyclic softening, 1261
Cyc 1 i ng, 995
Damping, 1583, 1643, 1683, 1689
Damping capacity, 1643, 1689
Damping coefficient, 1689
Damping effect, 1583
Decomposition of ~-phase, 1583,
1613
Decomposition of hydride, 2107
Deep drawability, 563
Defect size, 303
Deformability, 1907
Deformation, 469, 491, 499, 539,
625, 1065, 1503, 1651, 1659.
1675, 1705, 1805, 1835, 1891,
2085, 2463
Deformation degree, 491
Deformation history, 469
XIX Subject Index
Deformation mechanism, 711, 1805,
1891 ' 2085
Deformation mode, 1503
Deformation resistance, 625
Deformation texture, 1721
Deformation twinning, 539
Deformed microstructure, 1891
Dendrite arm spacing, 389
Density, 225, 375, 1575, 1789
Den'sity separation, 225
Deoxidation of Ti by Ca vapor,
2657
Desalting evaporator, 1111
Desalination plants, 1165
Design, 39, 151, 1119, 1883
Design strength, .1119
Diaphragm cell, 3
Die heating systems, 609
Die materials, 585
Die shape, 327
Differential thermal analysis,
1459
Diffusion, 733, 831, 861, 903,
933. 1221, 1283, 1343, 1423,
1705, 1759. 2571
Diffusional creep, 703, 717
Diffusion bonding, 733, 861, 933,
955, 1221, 1229, 1237
Diffusion interaction, 831
Diffusion layers, 1423
Diffusivity; 703, 717
Digital image processor, 933
Dilatometric analysis, 1675
Dimethacrylate resin, 2633
Dimpled intergranular fracture,
2023
Dimples, 1969
Subject Index
Dimple size, 1953
Direct aging, 469
Direct processing, 267
Disc material, 1089
Dislocation climb, 717
Dislocation density, 1629
Dislocation pile-up, 1859
Dislocations, 717, 1629, 1859,
2297 Dislocation structure, 1361
Dispersion, 355
Dispersion forming additives, 695
Dispersion strengthening, 397, 405,
435' 1811 Dissolution, 1135, 2679
Dissolved oxygen effects, 2495
Double heat effect, 1135
Double solution treatment, 507,
1403 Drop forging, 4~3
Dual properties, 641
Due ti le failure, 831
Ductile fracture, 1953, 1961, 2023
Ductility, 469, 617, 895, 1567,
1651' 1789, 1843, 1851 Ductility improvement, 435
Duplex aging, 1403, 1543, 1583
Dwel 1 loading, 2297
Dynamic loading, 1851, 1907
Dynamic strain aging, 1751
Dynamic tear test, 1925
Eddy current test, 917, 939
Eddy current testing with inner
probe, 925
Edge cracking, 531
E.D.X., 1559
xx
EEE (Exoelectron emission), 1551
Effective stress, 711
Effie iency, 1181
Elastic anomaly, 1697
Elastic instabi 1 ity, 1915
Elastic modulus, 1591, 1689, 1697,
1773' 1789, 2541 Electrical breakdown, 2589 Electrical conductivity, 1487
Electrical resistivity, 203, 1511,
1551' 1575. 1583, 1697. 1781 Electric dust collector, 77
Electrochemical behavior, 203, 979 Electrochemical behavior of Ti
coatings, 979
Electrochemical diffusion measure-
ments, 2571
Electroflotation, 1211
Electrolyte chemistry, 1597
Electrolyte process, 3
Electrolytical industry, 1211
Electron beam melting, 123, 137,
319, 389 Electron beam scrap recycling, 137
Electron beam welding, 307, 845,
1025, 1283
Electron energy loss spectroscopy,
1543' 1559 Ele~tronic structure, 1451
Electron metallography, 1705
Electroplated coating, 995
Elemental powder, 419
Element distribution, 831
Elevated temperatures, 539, 1985,
2031, 2243
Elevated temperature yield strength,
2411
Embrittlement, 1745
Endoprostheses, 1359
Endurance life, 2123
Energy costs, 217
Engines, 39 Environment, 2251 Environmental cracking, 2533
Environmental effects, 2139
2455, 2495 Equiaxed grains, 499 Equiaxed microstructure, 347
Equilibrium, 1459
Equivalent stress, 2179
Erosion, 151 , 1043
Eutectic temperature, 1135
Eutectoid formers, 397
Evaporation, 123 Exoelectron emission (EEE),
1551 Exothermic reaction, 1135
Expanded joint of tube, 1025
Extreme pressure agent, 569
Extrusion, 523, 577, 1119, 1307
Facets, 2297 Fatigue, 179, 187, 347, 411, 427,
593. 725. 815, 861, 887, 995,
1081, 1089, 1119, 1127, 1253.
1261, 1269, 1307, 1381, 1683,
2065, 2091, 2099, 2107, 2123,
2131, 2139, 2155, 2163, 2171,
2179. 2187, 2195, 2211, 2219,
2235. 2243, 2259, 2267, 2275.
2289, 2297, 2305, 2339, 2395,
2425, 2435. 2503
Fatigue. crack growth, 179. 1253,
2065, 2211, 2235. 2243, 2267,
2289, 2313, 2503
XXI Subject Index
Fatigue crack initiation, 303,
2139, 2211 Fatigue crack propagation, 303,
815, 887, 2065, 2091, 2115,
2147, 2219, 2227, 2251
Fatigue endurance limit, 303
Fatigue failures, 1683
Fatigue life, 2091
Fatigue I ife curves, 2107
Fatigue properties, 267, 1393
Fatigue strength, 179, 303, 339,
81 5, 861 , 995, 1 3 51 , 2 065,
2107, 2147 Fatigue strength ratio, 179
Fertilizer plant, 1173 Fiber.reinforced titanium alloys,
1773 Field tests, 1097 Filamentary dispersions, 435
Fi I ter, 333
Fine a+~ structure, 1993
Fine equiaxed microstructure,
681, 2065, ·2251, 2267
Fine globular.a-grains, 1993
Fine grain casting, 1-37
Finished PM-part, 1315
Finish-rolling temperature, 483
Finite element method, 1875
Finned tubes, 1181
Finning, 1 089
Flow localization, 149~
Flow stress, 585, 609, 681
Flue gas desulfurization, 1097
Fluid die, 339 Fluoride i6ns, 2583
Fluorides, 973, 1097, 2625
Flux, 869
Flyash, 2625
Subject Index
Force-travel-diagrams, 577
Forging, 491, 507, 515, 585, 593,
609, 641, 1245, 1307, 1495
Formability, 547
Forming, 367
Forming die material, 1299
Forming force, 577
Forming limit, 547, 2463
Forming limit curve, 547
Forming speed, 633
Forming temperature, 633
Forward extrusion, 577
Frac tog raphy, 295, 427, 1835, 1953,
1969, 2031
Fracture, 783, 895, 1253. 1659,
1773' 1945, 1953, 1961, 1977,
2023, 2031' 2055, 2463, 2549,
2565
Fracture energy, 2549
XXII
Fracture mechanics, 593, 1253, 2281,
2425
Fracture mechanism maps, 2023
Fracture mechanisms, 2115, 2251,
2565
Fracture mode, 601
Fracture properties, 469
Fracture resistance, 1977
Fracture rise time, 2039
Fracture safe design, 1925
Fracture stress, 1945
Fracture structure, 1961
Fracture surface, 601, 1773, 2179,
2243
Fracture surface roughness, 2243
Fracture toughness, 179, 187, 303,
469, SO?, 601, 807, 815, 1119,
1253, 1307, 1381' 1925, 1993,
2001, 2009, 2039, 2047, 2055,
2115, 2211, 2219
Fracture unit, 2039
Free corrosion potential, 1051
Free dissolution period, 1135
Frequency effects, 2289, 2305
Fretting, 2171, 2179
Fretting bridge, 2171, 2179
Fretting corrosion, 1269, 1359,
1373
Friction, 569, 1643, 2187
Friction behavior, 1343
Friction coefficient, 1335
Fusion zone, 799, ·845
Galling, 569
Galvanic, 1105, 2533
Galvanic corrosion, 1127, 1165
Galvanic couples, 2617
Galvanic effects, 1105
~-TiAJ 3 compounds, 1403
Gas contamination, 1459
Gas contents of Ti coatings, 979
Gasket materials, 2633
Gas turbine engines, 1301
Gas turbines, 1221, 2275
General corrosion in HCl, 2603
Germanium, 381
German titanium market~ 1197
GfE - two-stage-process, 109
Grain boundaries, 1961, 2363
Grain boundary alpha, 617
Grain boundary migration, 2403
Grain boundary segregation,
1745
Grain growth kinetics, 695
Grain growth relationships, 1705
Grain growth texture, 1713
Grain size effects, 499. 681, 1065,
1789, 1811, 1867, 1945, 1953,
1985, 2001' 2065, 2387
Grain size influence on impact
strength, 1985
Grain size strengthening, 1811
Grinding characteristics, 1015
Grinding force, 1015
Grinding ratio, 1015
Grinding temperature, 1015
Grinding wheel wear, 1015
Guinier-Preston zone, 1481
Hall-Petch relationship, 725, 1811
Hard chromium, 995
Hardening, 1481 , 1629, 1811 , 2195,
2305 Hardness, 823, 979, 1089, 1203,
1343. 1487, 1559, 1575. 1819,
1883, 1899, 2155, 2195, 2211,
2347, 2673, 2687 Hardness of Ti coatings, 979
Harrington instrumentation, 1365
HCl, 2603, 2617
XXlll
HOH (Hydrogenation-dehydrogenation),
443, 2107
Heart value, 1359
Heat affected zone, 791, 845
Heat exchanger, 1073, 1165, 1173,
1181
Heat resistance, 2695
Heat transfer properties, 1089
Heat treatment, 171, 187, 347, 563,
593, 617, 925, 1119, 1283, 1381'
1393. 1403, 1543, 1613, 1621'
1689, 2015, 2219, 2387, 2411,
2579. 2603
Heating room, 2611
Helicopters, 1261
Subject Index
Helium leakage testing, 925
Heterogeneous system, 91
HHDH process, 443
High cycle fatigue, 179, 187, 347,
1081, 1993, 2065, 2123, 2139
High damping, 1683
High density inclusions, 225
High density particles, 217
High level -1 iquid 1~aste, '2649
High performance PM materials,
443 High performance rotating equip
ment, 1683
High qua! ity hydride dehydriding
process, 443
High resolution electron micro
scopy, 1467, 1797
High speed electrical heat
t rea tmen t , 162 1
High strain deformation, 1705
High strain rate, 1851
High strength titanium alloys,
507, 2211
High temperature al Joys, 2281,
2323 High temperature corrosion,
2687
High temperature defor~ation,
745 High temperature fatigue, 2289,
2305 High temperature tensile test,
617' 853 High temperature titanium alloys,
515, 1519, 2323, 2419
Hold time effects, 2395, 2519
Subject Index
Homogeneity, 129, 233
Hooker extrusion, 577
Hot concentrated chloride, 1173,
2611
Hot cracking, 895
Hot deformation, 499. 1503
Hot die forging, 453, 469, 609,
641
Hot ductility, 895
Hot extrusion, 367
Hot forming process, 633
Hot isostatic pressing (HIP),
179. 195. 287, 311, 327, 339.
347, 411, 427, 443, 673. 2107
HIP compaction, 347
HIP consolidation, 443
HIP prosthesis, 1351, 1365, 1393
HIP thermal cycle, 287
Hot rollability, 531
Hot rolled titanium-clad steel,
903
Hot rolling, 483, 555
Hot topping, 129
Hot workability, 531, 617
Hot working, 347, 1495
Hunter process, 3
HVC (Hydrovac), 2107
Hybrid melting systems, 15
Hydride, 2235, 2479, 2503, 2679,
2687
Hydride diffusion, 2571
Hydride dissolution, 2571
XXIV
Hydride formation, 2571, 2679
Hydride formation and decomposition,
2107
Hydrochloric acid, 823, 2679
Hydrodynamic compaction, 333
Hydrofluoric acid, 1003
Hydrogen, 625, 1059, 1105, 2107,
2235, 2463, 2479. 2533, 2571
Hydrogen absorption, 1111, 1127,
1165, 1275. 2579. 2595
Hydrogen assisted cracking, 2565
Hydrogenation - dehydrogenation
(HOH), 443, 2107
Hydrogen charging, 2595
Hydrogen chloride, 77
Hydrogen duffusivity, 2557
Hydrogen effects, 1597, 1985,
2455. 2471
Hydrogen embrittlement, 2435,
2487, 2503, 2519, 2571
Hydrogen ion implantation,
Hydrogen penetration, 965
Hydrogen pick-up, 1059
Hydrogen solubility, 2519,
Hydrogen sulfide, 2533
Hydrogen uptake, 2617
Hydrovac (HVC), 2107
Hysteresis, 1675
Impact elasticity, 1745
Impact extrusion, 577
Impact properties, 1119
Impact strength, 861, 1985
Impingement attack, 1173
Implantation, 1365
2015
2557
Implant material, 171, 1327,
1335. 1359, 1373. 1381, 1387
Implants, 1393
Impression test, 845, 1819
Impurities, 103, 1961
Impurity segregations, 419
Inclusions, 419
Incoherent dispersoids, 435
Incubation strain, 1945
Inductive heating, 171
lnductoslag melting, 15
Industrial application, 1003,
1025, 1143, 1149, 1211
Industrial processes, 1495
Influence of scrap additions on
chemical composition, 249
Influence of scrap additions on
mechanical properties, 249
Ingot quality, 233
Ingots, 67, 115, 129, 233
Inhibitors, 2435
Inhomogeneous deformation, 2085
Insert metal, 1283
In-service inspection, 947
In-situ deformation tests, 1797
Inspection of welds, 1291
Intensity potentional curves, 823
lntercrystall ine deformation, 2085
Interface, 1597, 1605, 1875, 2015,
2541
Interface phase, 1403, 1597, 1605,
2015, 2541
lntergranular creep fracture, 2023
lntergranular fracture, 895
Integrated manufacturing, 241
lntermetallic compound, 1439. 1511,
1745, 2031
Internal friction, 1591, 1643, 1697
Internal pressure fatigue test,
1089
Internal stress, 711
Interstitial, 1511, 1651, 1759,
1767
Interstitial iron diffusion model,
1767
Investment casting, 145, 157, 187
In vitro test, 1387
xxv
In vivo test, 1387
Ion implantation, 2015
Ionization potential, 91
Ion-milling, 1597
Subject Index
Iron, 1759, 1767, 1985, 2347,
2411, 2617
Iron contamination, 2595
Iron content, 2387, 2595
Iron diffusion, 1767
Iron effect on creep, 2411
Iron influence on impact strength,
1985
Iron segregations, 419
Isomorphism, 91
Isothermal aging, 1487
Isothermal decomposition of beta
phase, 1613
Isothermal deformation, 625
Isothermal forging, 515, 585,·
593. 741
Isotope effect, 1759
Jet infusion of grinding fluid, 1015
J-integral, 1925, 1977, 2055, 2425
J-integral test, 2047
Joining, 783
Joint strength, 331
Joint zone, 831
KISCC' 1105, 2541
Kinetics, 1511, 1613, 1621, 2673,
2695
. Kink bands, 1705
Kroll process, 3
KRZ (KontinuierlJche Rotations
zerstaubung), 411
Subject Index
Larson-Miller master curve, 2387
Laser melting, 389
Laser surface al laying, 987
Laser surface melting, 987
Laser treatment, 2155
Laser welding, 815
Lattice parameter, 1605, 1643
Lattice strains, 1535
Laue patterns, 1737
Leakage rate, 1051
Lenticular microstructures, 347
Limit strains, 539
Lining, 1211
Liquid layer, 839
Liquid metal embrittlement
(LME), 2435
Liquid nitrogen proof test, 1253
Liquid titanium, 1431
Liquid titanium process, 3
Liquid waste, 2649
Load displacements, 869
Logarithmic creep rule, 2387
Longitudinal flaw, 947
Long period APB structures,
1467
Long term stability, 1321
Long time implantation, 1365
Loss of Al, 233
Low cycle fatigue, 295, 347, 507,
1993, 2099, 2275. 2297, 2305,
2339
Low fin tubes, 1089, 1189
Low pressure plasma spraying
(LPPS), 979
Lubricants, 569, 1089, 1597
XXVI
Luders band, 1859
Luders strain, 1859
Machining, 241, 1007, 1969
Macrostructure, 129, 523
Magnetic separation, 217
Magnetic susceptibility, 1781
Manufacture, 1315
Marine environment, 1105
Markets, 39
Martensite, 987, 1403, 1567,
1635, 1643, 1651, 1659, 1689.
1697
Martensite temperature, 311,
1635, 1697
Martensitic transformation,
1667, 1675
Masteralloys for Ti-industry,
109
Mean stress, 2065, 2115, 2139,
2251
Mechanical behavior, 823, 1495,
1751 ' 1907
Mechanical polishing, 2147
Mechanical properties, 31, 115,
171. 195, 217, 233. 249, 257.
267, 327, 411' 461. 483, 515,
523, 531' 593. 601. 965.
1065, 1149, 1381. 1393. 1551.
1659, 1683, 1689, 1843. 1899,
1961' 1977, 1985, 2015, 2091.
2123, 2281' 2347, 2527
Melting, 15. 55. 67,91,97.
115, 157, 233. 257. 389, 987
Melting process, 157
Memory deformation, 1675
Metal lothermic reduction, 67
Metal flow patterns, 673
Metal-tissue interaction, 1327
Metastable beta alloys, 491, 641,
717, 1403, 1575. 1651, 2091,
2227
Metastable phases, 1551
Microanalysis, 703, 1301, 2687
Microchemistry, 1519, 2603
Microcrack, 633
Microcrack propagation, 2065,
2267
Microdiffraction, 1751
Microfocus X-ray, 933
Microgravimetry, 2673
Microhardness, 869, 2195, 2673,
2687
Microinhomogeneous deformation,
2085
Microphase composition, 2091
Microprobe analysis, 869
XXVII
Microscopic structure, 2155
Microstructural variables, 695
Microstructure, 171, 179, 195, 257,
267, 287, 295, 303, 347, 367, 389,
411, 427, 461, 491, 507, 523, 531,
601 , 681 ' 695' 799, 1 081 ' 1 089'
1245, 1269, 1301, 1343, 1381, 1487,
1495, 1511' 1519, 1613, 1621' 1643,
1819, 1835, 1843, 1867, 1891' 1899,
1993, 2001, 2015, 2065, 2091, 2099,
2107, 2123, 2139, 2219, 2227, 2251,
2259, 2267, 2289, 2305, 2347, 2355,
2363, 2371, 2337, 2395, 2411, 2603
Milling, 241, 2171
Mill production, 31
Mill products, 115
Mixed grain size, 499
Subject Index
Modified Ti-6%Al-4%V alloys,
703, 1643, 1683,
2055
Modulated structures, 1467
Modulus of elongation, 1675
Mo-equivalent, 1883
Mo 1 ds, 151
Molten pool, 129
Molybdenum, 109, 987, 1745
Molybdenum-aluminum masteralloys,
109
Morphology, 1511
Moulding material, 157
Mou 1 ds, 171
MSF-type desalination plants, 1165
Multiaxial deformation, 2463
Multi-barstick casting, 137
Multi-component systems, 1439
Multipolar eel 1, 3
m-value, 681, 1229
NOT, 939
Near alpha alloys, 695, 1527,
2297, 2425
Near basal cleavage, 2235
Near beta titanium alloys, 469
Near net precision forging, 609
Near net shape, 327, 367
Necking, 1969
Negative temperature coefficient,
1781,
Net precision forging, 609
Neutral surface, 1245
Neutron diffraction, 1459
Nickel, 987, 1097, 1759
Nickel alloys, 1097
Subject Index
Niobium, 1745
Nitric acid solution, 2595, 2649
Nitrides, 1203
Nitrogen, 987
Noise signal in Eddy current test,
917
Non-Burgers ", 1737
Non-consumable electrode furnace,
115
Non-consumable electrode melting
process, 257
Non-consumable melting, 15
Non-destructive inspection, 1025,
1059
Non-destructive testing, 925,
XXVlll
933. 955
Non-oxidizing acid solutions,
1111
Nonvariant fiber-phase transforma-
tion, 1439
Nonvariant 4-phase equilibria, 1203
Normalized penetration, 1819
Notch sensitivity, 1393, 1985
Nuclear fuel, 2649
Nuclear microanalysis, 2687
Nuclear physics method, 2571
Nuclear power plant condenser,
1025
ODF, 1721
Offshore environment, 1105
Oil refinery service, 1189
Oil-related applications, 1181
Omega phase, 1543, 1575, 1591,
1651, 1789, 2479
Optical constants, 1335
Order-disorder transformation, 1459
Ordered structures, 1467
Ordering, 1527, 1629
Orientation distribution function,
1721
Orthopaedic surgery, 1365
Orthorhombic martensite, 1535,
1567, 1643, 1683
Orthorhombic structure, 1659
Oscillations, 375
Outlook, 1197
Oxidation, 355, 1105, 2379, 2595,
2641, 2665, 2673, 2695
Oxidation kinetics, 2695
Oxidation rate, 2379
Oxide films, 419, 2589
Oxide layer, 1335
Oxide stability, 1327
Oxidizing agents, 2649
Oxidizing medium, 2611
Oxidizing treatment, 569
Oxygen, 1343, 1431, 1689, 1759,
1819, 2579
Oxygen activity, 1431, 2657
Oxygen activity in titanium
al l oys , 14 31
Oxygen act.ivi ty in L-Ti, 1431
Oxygen concentration, 1689
Oxygen content, 1689, 1819,
2115
Oxygen diffusion, 2687
Oxygen effects, 311, 2065,
Oxygen effects on a", 1475
Oxygen influence on impact
strength, 1985
Oxygen reduction, 2679
Oxygen segregation, 419
2065,
2495
Pacemaker housing, 1359
Pack-aluminization, 965
1 Pack-cementation, 973
Paint, 1105
Parabolic creep rule, 2387
Partially blocked electrodes, 2679
Partial recrystallization, 499
Partitioning ratio, 1883
Passivation, 203, 2603, 2617,
2679
Passivation mechanism, 2603
Passivity breakdown, 2595
Pattern recognition technique, 955
Pd0/Ti02 , 1173
Pelletized charge, 97
Penetration depth, 839, 917
Periodic structures, 1535
Peritectoid transformation, 799
Permeabi I ity, 333
Phase compositions, 1527
Phase diagrams, 1423, 1439, 1445,
1459, 1467
Phase equilibria, 1203
Phase morphology, 2001
Phase relationship, 791
Phase stability, 965. 14/:>, 2339
Phase transformation, 1403, 1439,
1451' 1487, 1535, 1543, 1551,
1613, 1621, 1643, 2187, 2219
Photoemission microscopy, 703
Physical properties, 1381, 1451
Pinning of dislocations, 1859
Piping applications, 1119
Pitting corrosion, 1097
Pitting potential, 2617
Planing, 1007
Plasma melting, 319
Plasma sp~aying, 979
XXIX Subject Index
Plasma rotating electrode process
(PREP), 303, 339, 411
Plasma torch, 15
Plasma torch melting, 137
Plasma torch Ti-alloy production,
137
Plastic deformation, 1797, 1805
Plastic strain, 563, 2487
Plastic strain rate sensitivity,
2487
Plastic strain value, 563
Plastic zone, 1819
Plateau, 2403
Platinum, 987, 2379
Platinum coatings, 2379
Plotter simulation, 1135
PM components; 1315
PM HIP'ed compacts, 2107
Polarization, 2617
Polarization resistance, 1373
Pole figures, 555
Pole mechanism, 2131
Polygonization, 1621
Polygonized structure, 1961
Pores, 333, 419
Pore size , 333
Porosity, 861
Potentiostatical electrolysis,
2633
Powder compacts, 303
Powder manufacturing, 327
Powder metallurgy, 31, 267, 287,
295' 303' 311' 319, 327' 333,
339. 347, 355, 361' 367, 375 ' -
411, 419, 427, 443, 673, 1307,
1315, 1773, 2107, 2549
Powder production processes, 267,
319
Subject Index
Powder E:jUa] i ty control, 327
Powder spraying under vacuum (PSV),
411. 443
Power consumption, 3
Power plants, 1043
PSV vacuum spraying process, 287
Prealloyed powder, 367, 419
Precipitation, 381, 419, 1065,
1475. 1481, 1559. 1567, 1591,
1613, 1751, 1811, 1859
Precipitation of Ti3AI, 1811
Precipitation in Ti-Cu, 1859
Precipitation of Ti 20, 1065
Precipitation strengthening, 1811
Precision forging design, 609
Pre-cracked charpy, 2055
Pre-deformation in tension, 2131
Preferred orientation, 1189
Preform, 267, 1245
Pre-martensitic transition,
1697
PREP powder, 34 7
Pressed and sintered P/M, 1307
Pressure, 375
Pressure hull, 1025
Prices, 1197
Primary alpha phase, 1737, 2371
Primary creep, 2371
Primary shear band, 1007
Prior B grains, 1737
Prior strain, 1969
Process factors, 103
Processing, 461
Processing massiv and small solid
scrap, 249
Processing-microstructure-property
relation, 1403
Processing parameters, 515
xxx
Processing procedures, 515
Processing swarf, 249
Processing window, 499
Process modelling, 641
Production, 1381
Production furnaces, 137
Production of titanium, 31
Production of welded tube, 925
Proof testing, 1925
Propeller shaft, 1127
Prosthesis, 171
Pseudoelasticity, 1667
P-T-x diagram of Ti-0 solid
solution, 2657
Pulsating tensile stress, 2171,
2179
Qualification testing, 2371
Qua I ity assurance, 241, 1229
Quality control, 85
Quasi cleavage, 2031
Quasistatic loading, 1851
Quenching, 1229, 1629, 1985
Quenching influence on impact
strength, 1985
Radiographic examination, ·1157
Radiographic inspection, 225
Rapid heating, 1635
Rapid omni-directional compaction
(ROC), 339
Rapid solidification, 203, 381'
389, 397, 405, 435, 783
Rare earth additions, 397, 783
Rare earth oxides, 397' 405
Rate effects, 2055
Rate sensitivity, 1851
Ratio analysis diagram, 1925,
1977 Raw material, 103
Raw titanium, 85
R-curve, 2047
Reaction zone, 1135, 1773
Real-time radiography, 933
Recovery, 499, 1503, 1605
Recrystallization, 367, 483, 499,
1495, 1503, 1621. 1705, 1713,
1859 Recrystallization annealing, 339,
1859 Recrystallization texture, 1713
Recycling, 55. 217, 225, 241
Redox potential, 1373
Reducing, 67, 91, 2611
Reducing and rectifying purifica-
tion, 97 Reducing medium, 2611
Regeneration, 77
Regression analysis, 2009
Reheating temperature, 483
Relaxation, 2203
Relaxation of residual stresses,
2163 Rel iabi 1 ity, 1051, 1149, 1181
Repair welding, 1291
Repassivation, 2641
Repassivation time, 1335
Reprocessing, 2649
Residual deformation, 1675
XXXI
Residual stresses, 815, 1015, 1915,
2147, 2163, 2171, 2179. 2187, 2195.
2203
Resistance curve, 2047
Retained B phase, 1683
Subject Index
Reverse. transformation, 1583
Reversible alloying, 625
Reversion, 1651
Ring rod test, 869
Risers, 1181
River pattern, 2031
Rod, 1899
Rolled bar, 507, 617
Rol 1 ing, 483, 1575, 1705 Roped tubes, 1181
Rotated electrode process (REP),
303,411,427
Rotating-bend high cycle fatigue
strength, 2123
Rotating non-consumable electrode,
15 Rotational atomization, 319
Rotor grade, 257
Rotor quality, 225
Ro tot rode, 15
R-ratio, 2115, 2251, 2267
Rupture, 2023
Rupture strength, 1203
R-value, 555, 563
Saline water, 2235
Saponification value, 569
Satel 1 i te tank, 1253
Schmid factor, 2131
Scrap, 15, 55, 115, 225, 233,
241. 249, 257
Scrap categories, 249
Scrap generation, 55 Scrap origin, 249
Scrap processing, 55, 225
Scrap types, 249
Scrubbers, 1097
Subject Index
Secondary alpha phase, 1737, 2015
Secondary creep rate, 2379
Secondary shear band, 1007
Secondary system, 1439
Second phases, 1705
Segregates, 2579
Segregation, 129, 419, 703, 1745,
1859
Segregation atoms, 1961
Self interstitial migration, 1767
Self tempering, 1551
Semifinished product, 601
Semiproducts, 31
Semi sol id cast, 2527
Semi solid processing, 163
Sensitization, 2603
Serrated flow, 2403
Service experience, 1165
Service test procedure, 1351
Servohydraul ic testing, 1343
Shape capability, 267
Shape memory alloy, 311, 1403
Shape memory effect, 1583, 1667,
1675, 1697
Shape recovery, 1667
shear, 1969
Shear bands, 1705
Shear localization, 1503
Shear resistance, 1335
Shear strength, 869
Sheet metal, 547, 555
Sheet metal forming, 453
Sheet steel capsule, 1315
Sheet texture, 563
Short range order, 209, 1459, 2235
Short time implantation, 1365
Shot peening, 995, 1915, 2147,
2155, 2163, 2171, 2195, 2203
XXXll
Shrinkage behavior 327
Silicide coatings, 973
Sil icides, 1527, 2355
Silicium, 381, 2665
Sil icon, 973, 1519, 1773
Sil icon additions, 1519
Silicon carbide, 1773
Si Iver, 987
Simulated liquid waste, 2649
Single crystals, 1759, 1797, 1875,
2031, 2131
Sintered PM, 1307
Sintering, 287, 333, 355, 361
Slab and ingot casting, 137
Slab-shaped ingot, 233
Slags, 67, 97
Slip, 1875, 2015, 2243
Slip band, 2015, 2305
Slip character in Ti-Al alloys,
2243
Slip distribution, 2179
Slow strain rate, 2549
Smelting, 67, 91, 115
S-N curves, 411, 2163
Sodium, 85, 2595
Sodium chloride, 2595
Softening, 625, 2305
Sol id scrap, 233
Solidification, 129, 987
Solidification mechanisms, 987
Sol idificatian process, 2649
Solid metal embrittlement (SME),
2435
Sol id solution strengt~ening,
1811, 1859, 1883
Sol id state bonding, 733
Solubility, 1431, 1445
Solubility of v2o3
in titanium
al Joys, 1431 ·
Solubility of v2o3 in L-Ti, 1431
Solute content, 1635
Solute distribution, 2015
Solution treatment, 483, 1481,
1635. 1683, 1689
Solution treatment and aging, 483
Solution treatment temperature,
1481. 1635
Sorting, 257
Sour gas, 2533 Space shuttle safety requirements,
1253 Spatial averaging, 955
Specific strength, 1883
SPF/DB, 733, 1221, 1229, 1237
Spherodization, 2403
Spin atomization, 389
Spinodal, 1535, 1567
Spinodal decomposition, 1535
Splat-quench, 389, 397
Sponge price, 217
Sponge production, 3, 67
Sponge quality, 103
Sponge-rubber-ball cleaning system,
1043 Spool rack tests, 1097
Spring back, 633 Stability of phases, 1451
Stacking fault, 1705, 2297
Stainless steel, 831, 1051, 1097
Stainless steel alloys, 1097
Static loading, 2085
Static strength, 601
Stationary polarization curves,
2679 '
Statistical models, 103
XXXlll Subject Index
Steady state creep, 2371, 2403
Steam turbine blades, 1081
Steel die, 327
Steel shell, 1135
Steel shell period, 1135
Step strain rate tensile test,
673, 681
Stircasting, 163, 2527
Strain distribution, 1245
Strain energizing process (SEP),
339 .Strain hardening, 845, 1819, 1827,
1859. 2487 Strain hardening coefficient, 845,
1819
Strain hardening index, 2487
Strain localization, 1835
Strain path, 547 Strain range, 2305-
Strain rate, 491, 681. 689,
725, 761. 845. 2549 Strain rate cycling, 717
717,
Strain rate induced SCC, 2549
Strain rate sensitivity, 491, 681, ·
725, 845 -
Strength, 1119, 1567, 1843, 1851,
1859, 1883. 1985. 1993 Strength-density ratio, 1883
Strength differential effect, 1851
Strength-to-elastic modulus ratio,·
1327 Stress, 151, 585, 609, 681, 711,
717, 815, 845, 1007, 1015,· 1119,
1535. 1651. 1659. 1819, 1907,
1915, 1945, 1977. 2115. 2163,
2171. 2179. 2187, 2195, 2203,
2251. 2339. 2403, 2435. 2479.
2487, 2495. 2511. 2533, 2541, 2549
Subject Index
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC),
1119, 1977, 2435, 2495, 2511,
2533, 2541, 2549
Stress distribution, 2179
Stress exponent, 2403
Stress induced martensite, 1535,
1651' 1659
Stress intensity, 2487
Stress-rupture properties, 2339
Stress-sorption cracking, 2495
Stress strain curve, 1659, 2403
Stretch formability, 539
Strip, 1025
Structural chemistry, 1203
Structural relaxation, 209
Structure parameters, 31
Sub-boundaries, 1503
Sub-grains, 717
Sub-grain boundary, 1859
Submerged arc welding, 823
Submersible, 1025
Sub-sea modules, 1181
Substitutional iron diffusion
model, 1767
Sub-structure, 499
Sul fur, 895
Sulfuric acid, 2595
Superconducting materials, 1403
Superplastic forging, 673
Superplastic forming, 649, 681,
695. 703' 725, 733, 955, 1221,
1229, 1237, 1299, 1883
Superplasticity, 625, 649, 681,
689, 703, 711, 717, 733, 745,
753, 761
Superplastic strain, 761
Surface condition, 1269, 2065
XXXIV
Surface cracking, 617, 1253
Surface dislocation density, 2147
Surface effects, 2579
Surface layers, 1343
Surface oxidizing treatment,
569
Surface reflectivity, 1335
Surface residual stresses, 2147
Surface roughen i ng , 539
Surf ace roughness, 1015.
2163, 2171, 2251, 2267
Surface slip, 1835
Surface structures, 1393
2147,
Surface treatment, 355, 2155, 2187
Surface yield point, 2203
Suspended solids, 1173
Sustained load cracking, 2455,
2471, 2487, 2495, 2519, 2557.
2565
Synthetic rutile, 6/
Synthetic titanates, 91, 97
Tafel slope, 2617
Technical-grade titanium tetra
chloride, 97
Temperature dependence of resisti-
vity, 1575
Temperature effects, 2305, 2565
Tensile deformation, 547, 1891
Tensile ductility, 469, 1969
Tensile properties, 303, 507, 563,
585, 601, 689, 761, 815, 861,
1119, 1315, 1751, 1827, 1835,
1883, 2107, 2211, 2339, 2355.
2479
Tensile strength, 179, 46§, 823
Tensile tests, 539, 617, 725,
1511
Tension, 1851
Tension compression high cycle
fatigue strength, 2123
Tension-compression tests, 1915
xxxv
Test frequency in Eddy current test,
917
Testing speed in Eddy current test,
917
Texture, 563, 681, 689, 753, 761,
815, 1081. 1511. 1705, 1713,
1721, 1737, 1805, 1827, 1867,
1899, 2065, 2099, 2139. 2259
Thermal activation energy, 1907
Thermal cycling, 995
Thermal desorption spectroscopy,
2571
Thermal expansion, 1203
Thermal oxidation, 2595
Thermal oxidizing, 1111
Thermal processing, 2091
Thermal spraying techniques, 979
Thermal stability, 1643
Thermal treatments, 1751
Thermo-Chemical Treatment (TCT),
2107
Thermocyclic working, 625
Thermodynamic potential, 1451
Thermoeleastic martensite, 1697
Thermomechanical processing, 483
Thin foil artefact, 1605
Thinning techniques, 1597
Thin wall titanium tubes, 947, 1059,
1165
Thixocasting, 163, 2527
Three-piece die system, 609
Threshold stress, 717
Subject Index
TiAl phase, 1467, 2031
Ti-Al phase diagram, 1459, 1467
TiA1 2 , 965
Ti3Al, 427, 1459, 1475, 2355,
2541
TiB, 799
Time averaging, 955
Ti 2Ni,2603
Ti 2o, 1065
Tissue compatibility, 1327
Tissue reaction, 1373, 1387
Titanates, 91, 97
Titanium alloy ingots, 67
Titanium aluminides, 2023
Titanium-clad steel, 903
Titanium coatings, 979
Titanium hydride, 2679
Titanium ingot, 129
Titanium intermetallics, 625
Titanium iron binary system,
2347
Titanium-nitrogen phase diagram,
1423
Titanium passive film, 2649
Titanium powder for thermal
spraying, 979
Titanium scrap, 257
Titanium sheet metal, 539, 547,
1891
Titanium slags, 67
Titanium smelting, 67
Titanium sponge, 3, 67, 103
Titanium sponge production, 67
Titanium sponge quality, 103
Titanium tetrachloride, 67, 77,
85, 97
Titanium tubes, 633, 939, 947,
1051. 1165
()ubject Index
Tolerances, 151
Too 1 i ng, 1229
Torsion, 1907
Torsion testing, 1495
Toughness, 791, 799
Toughness loss, 791
Transformation, 1621, 1635
Transformation kinetics, 1621
Transformation mechanisms, 1621
Transformation superplasticity,
753
Transgranular creep fracture,
2023
Transient hydrogen additions, 695
Transition temperature, 2403
Transmission electron microscopy,
419, 1487, 1867, 2347, 2589
Trapping effect, 1759
Triaxial compaction, 367
Tribology, 577
Triggering stress, 2479
True strain, 1819, 1945
True stress, 845, 1819, 1945
TTP-diagram, 1543
TTT-diagram, 209, 1487
Tube, 633, 925, 939, 1157, 1165,
1181. 1189
Tube fixing, 1181
Tube making speed, 633
Tube plants, 1181
Tube sheet, 1025
Tube-to-tubesheet weld, 1157
Tube with fins, 1025
Tungsten carbide, 225
Turbine condenser, 1111
Turbulent flow, 1173
Turnings, 225
XXXVI
Twinning, 539, 1659, 1705, 1875,
1891' 2131
Twin bands, 2131
Twin boundary, 2131
Twin mode, 2131
Two-piece die system, 609
Ultimate strength, 845
Ultimate stress, 1819
Ultradispersion crystalline alloy,
203
Ultrasonic atomization, 389
Ultrasonic attenuation, 909
Ultrasonic inspection, 217
Ultrasonic testing, 939, 947, 955
Unloading point, 2047
Unlocking of dislocations, 1859
Upper bound elemental technique,
1245
US spectroscopy, 955
Vacancy migration, 1767
Vacuum arc furnace, 115
Vacuum arc melting, 115
Vacuum arc remelting, 15' 233
Vacuum plasma melting, 233
Vacuum refining salt, 2611
Vanadium, 1651' 1745
Vanadium-aluminum masteral Joys, 109
Vanadium segregations, 419
Variation in wall thickness, 917
Velocity field, 1245
Viscosity, 569
Viscous drag, 1851
Void coalescence, 1969
Void growth, 1953, 2471
Void growth rate, 1945
Void nucleation, 1953
Voids, 745, 1945
Void tip radius, 1945
Wallner 1 ine, 2031
Washing tower, 77
Waste gas, 77
Water distance compensation, 947
Wear, 1203, 2187
Weather ability, 1003
Weather meter, 1003
Weight savings, 1237
Welded titanium tube, 633, 917,
947, 1025, 1059
Welded tubes, 917, 939
Welded tube to tube sheet joints,
1051
XXXVIJ
Welding, 771, 783, 791, 807, 815,
823, 839, 877, 881, 887, 895, 925,
1025, 1051, 1283
Weldments, 791, 799, 845
Weldpool crater, 839
Weld repair, 157
Welds, 799, 917, 1291
Weld seam, 917
Weld thermal cycles (simulated),
895
Wet scrubbers, 2625
Widmanstaetten colonies, 909
Widmanstaetten structure, 1511
Woehler-diagram, 725
Work hardening, 2195
Wrap die system, 609
Subject Index
X-ray analysis, 979
X-ray diffraction, 1575, 1583,
1737, 2155
X-ray interference lines, 2163
X-ray inspection, 217, 225
X-ray microanalysis, 1527, 1751,
2009
Yield drop, 1867
Yield loci, 1899
Yield point, 1629, 1859, 2203
Yield strain, 1859
Yield strength, 617, 845, 1773
Yield stress, 1819, 1867, 1907
Y2o
3, 1431
Young's modulus, 1689,' 1697, 1773,
1789
Yttria modification, 895
Yttrium activity in a; B; L-Ti,
1431
Yttrium effects on cracking, 531
Yttrium effects on microstructure,
531 -
Zener-Hollomon parameter, 673
Zero range method, 1721
Zinc sacrificial anode, 1127
Zirconium, 1651 , 1827, 1977
Zirconium effects on ,a"• 1475
Zonal inhomogeneity, 2085
Zone of stirring, 831