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Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
Sustaining life on earth: Livelihoods and biodiversity
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
Sustaining life on earth: Livelihoods and biodiversity
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
Bogota (Colombia)
Quito (Ecuador)
Lima (Peru)
La Paz (Bolivia)
London (UK)
Aarhus (Denmark)Copenhagen (Denmark)Berlin (Germany)
Montpellier (France)
Madrid (Spain)
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
Calow, P. 1998. Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management. Blackwell, London.
CT = Total CapitalCM = Man-made CapitalCS = Social CapitalCN = Natural Capital = CNR + CNNRCNR = Renewable Natural CapitalCNNR = Non-renewable Natural Capital
CT =CM + CS + CN
+ +
++
_
Sustainable development meets the need of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
(Our Common Future, 1987
Biodiversity and sustainable development
Biodiversity can be a renewable resourceif managed sustainably orBiodiversity is a non-renewable resourceif managed un-sustainably
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
Biodiversity and the challenge of science
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
Climatic and other ecological conditions increasingly well documented
The evolution of life and biodiversity on earth increasingly well documented
Sustaining life on earth: Livelihoods and biodiversity
People of the World – from 1000 AD to the present day
Growth rate of human population per country
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
183 genera, 2500 speciesGlobal distribution and diversity of palms;Where do palms occur ?
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
How are palms harvested?
Industrial plantations: Elaeis guineensis – the African Oil PalmCocos nucifera – the CoconutPhoenix dactylifera – the Date-palm+ some more (NB ornamentals)• Large companies, national & international,• Multi-billion dollar research and development• Large scale genetic improvements• International markets
Domesticated palms
“Homegardens”/Agricultural:Areca catechu – the Betal-palmBactris gasipaes – the Peach-palm+ many more• Individual farmers and small industries• Local domestication and genetic improvement• Local markets and consumption
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
Managed palms: Hyphaene thebaica – the Doum-palmAstrocaryum chambira – the Chambira-fiber-palmArenga pinnata – the Sugar-palm+ many more• Common in rural sites, villages, small towns, etc.• No genetic improvement• Used in local markets and domestic
Wild palms
ExtractivismCalamus rotang - RattanIriartea deltoidea - Pona+ many many more• Common in indigenous and other poor communities• No genetic improvement• Domestic use and local market• Rattans and ornamentals enter international markets
How are palms harvested?
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
Some palm species have multiple uses Use frequency(% of 100 interviews)
Aphandra natalia is used forat least 24 different purposes, and all parts of the palm areused
The use frequency for thedifferent parts of the palm
vary much
Balslev, H., Knudsen, T. R., Byg, A., Kronborg, M. and C. Grandez. 2010. Traditional knowledge, use, and management of Aphandra natalia (Arecaceae) in Amazonian Peru. Economic Botany (accepted).
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
Sosnowska, J. and H. Balslev. 2010. American Palm Ethnomedicine.Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. Accepted
Many palm species are used to treat a large number of medical conditions in humans
Euterpe precatoria is widely used as malaria medicine, prepared as a decoction
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
Project Rationale:1. Tropical forest harbor thousands of useful plants including many palms2. The effect on the ecosystem of harvesting these plants is little known3. Ecosystem resilience not understood (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment)
FP7 – PALMS integrates studies of:3. The size of the resource investigating palm communities4. Harvest effects on genetic variability in palm populations5. Quantity of local use through ethno-botanical inventories6. Quantities and routes of regional, national and international trade7. Best case management of palm resources8. Political and social influences on palm use, trade and management
Using a variety of communication methods FP7-PALMS will:9. Provide scientifically based information relevant for palm management10. Suggest appropriate management practices for palms
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
Extraction (≈800 sp.)
Management (≈300 sp.)
Semi-cultivation (≈100 sp.)
Intense-cultivation (≈5 sp.)
Dom
estic
ated
palm
sW
ildpa
lms
Number of speciesNo use (≈1200 sp.)
(land-races)
Sustainableuse-management
FP7-PALMS
Conservation
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
FP7-PALMS integrates:
community ecologypopulation geneticsethno-botanyeconomic botanyagroecologysocioeconomyinformation-technologycommunication
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
WP1 – Diversity and abundance of palm resources (community ecology)
500 mSubunit 5 x 5 m
Transects
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
WP2 – Ecosystem resilience and limits of functioning (population genetics)
Cer
oxyl
onal
pinu
m,N
aneg
alito
▲1
▲2▲3
▲4 ▲5
Microsatelites Microsatelites
Gen
etic
div
ersi
ty
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
Original – compiled from various sources
WP3 – Products provided by palms to local people (ethno-botany)
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
WP4 – Small industries and trade in products from palms (economic botany)
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
WP5 – Sustainability and management of palm resources (agro-ecology)
Harvest of Aphandra natalia
Destructive harvest (Loreto) Non-destructive harvest (Pastaza)
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
WP6 – Policies and sustainable use and management (socio-economy)
42%
19%
15%
12%
4%
4% 4%
Uso de la biodiversidad
Biocomercio
Acceso a recursos genéticos
Derechos de propiedadintelectualDerechos de pueblos indígenas
Legislación ambiental
Uso del suelo
37%
25%
15%
9%
8%4% 2%
Uso biodiversidad
General
Comercio
Acceso a recursos genéticos
Uso del suelo
Derechos de propiedadintelectualDerechos de pueblos indígenas
Compilation of documents and interviews with stakeholders
docu
men
tsst
akeh
olde
rs
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
WP7 – Compilation and organization of information (informatics)
Field books
Theses
Journal articles
Primary data
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
WP8 – Communication
The project has built and follows a communication strategy
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
Based on interdisciplinary research and using a variety of communication methods FP7-PALMS will:
Provide scientifically based information relevant for palm management
Suggest appropriate management practices for palms
2009 2011 2012 20132010
Planning Field work Field work Analysis Wrap up
Palm harvest impacts on tropical forests
Henrik Balslev – Aarhus University, Denmark
Thanks to the FP7-PALMS team
Jean-Christophe Pintaud, Francis Kahn, Fabien Anthelme (Montpellier, France)Gloria Galeano, Rodrigo Bernal, Néstor García, Martha Isabel Vellejo, Jaime Navarro,
María José Sanin, Carolina Isaza, María Torres, Laura Mesa, Eva Ledesma, Natalia Valderrama (Bogota, Colombia)
Renato Valencia, Hugo Navarrete, Rommel Montufar, Lucia de la Torre, Gabriela Guzman, Jose Barreiro, Carolina Altamirano, Roberto Carillo (Quito, Ecuador)
Betty Millan, Joaquina Albán, Jorge Lingan, Manuel Marín, Yakov Quinteros, Jose Olivera, Hector Aponte, Carlos Martel, Marinoli Rivas,Miguel Machahua (Lima, Peru)
Monica Moraes, Narel Paniagaua, Camila Urioste (La Paz, Bolivia)Manuel Macía, Manuel Santayana, Rodrigo Camara (Madrid, Spain)Bill Baker, Bob Alkin, Soraya Villalba (Kew, UK)Max Weigend, Grischa Brokamp (Berlin, Germany)Helle Munk Ravnborg (Copenhagen, Denmark)Henrik Balslev, Dennis Pedersen, Inger Juste, Jens-Christian Svenning, Finn Borchsenius,
Anders Barfod, Wolf Eiserhardt, Thea Kristiansen (Aarhus, Denmark)