Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem ApproachSustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
13th Edition
Chapter 23
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
13th Edition
Chapter 23
Dr. Richard ClementsChattanooga State Technical Community CollegeDr. Richard ClementsChattanooga State Technical Community College
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Human land use Human land use
Types and uses of US public lands Types and uses of US public lands
Forests and forest management Forests and forest management
Implications of deforestation Implications of deforestation
Management of parks Management of parks
Establishment and management of nature preserves
Establishment and management of nature preserves
Importance of ecological restoration Importance of ecological restoration
Land Use in the WorldLand Use in the World
Fig. 23-2p. 595
Land Use in the United StatesLand Use in the United States
Fig. 23-3 p. 595Fig. 23-3 p. 595
Rangeland and pasture 29%
Types of US Public LandsTypes of US Public Lands
Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands –Land uses? Mining, logging, oil/gas drilling, atv, hunting, commercial fishing
Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands –Land uses? Mining, logging, oil/gas drilling, atv, hunting, commercial fishing
Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges – permitted logging and mining, hunting, fishing, camping
Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges – permitted logging and mining, hunting, fishing, camping
Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System –camping, hiking, highly restricted logging/mining, fishing with permits
Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System –camping, hiking, highly restricted logging/mining, fishing with permits
US Public LandsUS Public Lands
Fig. 23-4p. 596
Fig. 23-4p. 596
Managing US Public LandManaging US Public Land
Biodiversity and ecological functionBiodiversity and ecological function
No subsidies or tax breaks for useNo subsidies or tax breaks for use
Public should get fair compensationPublic should get fair compensation
Users held responsible for actionsUsers held responsible for actions
Takings and property rightsTakings and property rights
Managing and Sustaining ForestsManaging and Sustaining Forests
Ecological Importance of ForestsEcological Importance of Forests
Food webs and energy flowFood webs and energy flow
Water regulation-removing trees alters water cycle and soil
Water holding capacity
Water regulation-removing trees alters water cycle and soil
Water holding capacity
Local and regional climateLocal and regional climate
Numerous habitats and nichesNumerous habitats and niches
Air purificationAir purification
Managing and Sustaining ForestsManaging and Sustaining Forests
Economic Importance of ForestsEconomic Importance of Forests
Fuelwood (50% of global forest use)-
Developing countries rural use of fuelwood, urban areas use coal but require wood to createAlternatives are often dung, removes nutrients that would be part of manure, forests are depleted in circle around urban areas.
Fuelwood (50% of global forest use)-
Developing countries rural use of fuelwood, urban areas use coal but require wood to createAlternatives are often dung, removes nutrients that would be part of manure, forests are depleted in circle around urban areas.
Industrial timber and lumberIndustrial timber and lumberPulp and paper-3rd most polluting industry in N. Am. Due to
Chlorine bleaches –water, air, soil pollution
Pulp and paper-3rd most polluting industry in N. Am. Due to
Chlorine bleaches –water, air, soil pollution
MedicinesMedicinesMineral extraction and recreationMineral extraction and recreation
Forest StructureForest Structure
Fig. 23-9 p. 601Fig. 23-9 p. 601
Types of ForestsTypes of Forests
Old-growth (frontier) forestsOld-growth (frontier) forestsSecond-growth forestsSecond-growth forestsTree farms/plantationTree farms/plantation Fig. 23-18 p. 609Fig. 23-18 p. 609
Forest ManagementForest Management
Even-aged managementEven-aged managementIndustrial forestryIndustrial forestryUneven-aged managementUneven-aged managementImproved diversityImproved diversitySustainable productionSustainable productionMultiple-useMultiple-use
Rotation cycleRotation cycle
Management StrategiesManagement Strategies
Fig. 23-11 p. 601Fig. 23-11 p. 601
Fig. 23-12 p. 602Fig. 23-12 p. 602
Logging RoadsLogging Roads
Increased erosion and runoffIncreased erosion and runoffHabitat fragmentationHabitat fragmentationPathways for exotic speciesPathways for exotic speciesAccessibility to humansAccessibility to humans
Fig. 23-13 p. 602Fig. 23-13 p. 602
Harvesting TreesHarvesting Trees
Selective cutting Selective cutting
High-grading High-grading
Shelterwood cutting Shelterwood cutting
Seed-tree cutting Seed-tree cutting
Clearcutting Clearcutting
Strip cutting Strip cutting Fig. 23-14 p. 603Fig. 23-14 p. 603
Sustainable ForestrySustainable Forestry
Longer rotationsLonger rotations
Selective or strip cuttingSelective or strip cutting
Minimize fragmentationMinimize fragmentation
Improved road building techniquesImproved road building techniques
Certified sustainable grown-ecosystem approach
Pg. 606
(See Solutions p. 598)
Certified sustainable grown-ecosystem approach
Pg. 606
(See Solutions p. 598)
PathogensPathogens
Fungal DiseasesFungal Diseases
Insect PestsInsect PestsBark beetlesBark beetlesGypsy mothWoolly adelgid (hemlock)
Gypsy mothWoolly adelgid (hemlock)
Chestnut blightChestnut blightDutch elm diseaseDogwood Anthracnose
Dutch elm diseaseDogwood Anthracnose
FireFire
Surface firesSurface fires Crown firesCrown fires
Fig. 23-17 p. 607
Forest Resources and Management in the United StatesForest Resources and Management in the United States
Habitat for threatened and endangered species
Habitat for threatened and endangered species
Water purification servicesWater purification servicesRecreation Recreation 3% of timber harvest3% of timber harvestSustainable yield and multiple useSustainable yield and multiple useSubstitutes for tree productsSubstitutes for tree products
Tropical DeforestationTropical Deforestation
Rapid and increasing Rapid and increasing
Loss of biodiversity Loss of biodiversity
Cultural extinction Cultural extinction
Unsustainable agriculture and ranching Unsustainable agriculture and ranching
Clearing for cash crop plantations Clearing for cash crop plantations
Commercial logging Commercial logging
Fuelwood Fuelwood
Degradation of Tropical ForestsDegradation of Tropical Forests
Fig. 23-22p. 615
Reducing Tropical DeforestationReducing Tropical Deforestation
Identification of critical ecosystems Identification of critical ecosystems
Reducing poverty and population growth Reducing poverty and population growth
Sustainable tropical agriculture Sustainable tropical agriculture
Encourage protection of large tracts- government
policies
Encourage protection of large tracts- government
policies
Debt-for-nature swaps Debt-for-nature swaps
Less destructive harvesting methods Less destructive harvesting methods
The Fuelwood CrisisThe Fuelwood Crisis
Planting fast-growing fuelwood plants Planting fast-growing fuelwood plants Burning wood more efficiently Burning wood more efficiently Switching to other fuels= cheap and easy to construct solar
ovens
Switching to other fuels= cheap and easy to construct solar
ovens
Fig. 23-25 p. 618
Managing and Sustaining National ParksManaging and Sustaining National Parks
Most parks are too small to maintain biodiversity
Most parks are too small to maintain biodiversity
Invasion by exotic species Invasion by exotic species Popularity a major problem-since end of WWII Popularity a major problem-since end of WWII
Traffic jams and air pollution Traffic jams and air pollution Visitor impact (noise) Visitor impact (noise) Natural regulation Natural regulation Better pay for park staff Better pay for park staff
Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves
Include some moderate disturbance Include some moderate disturbance
Sustain natural ecological processes Sustain natural ecological processes
Protect most important areas Protect most important areas
Buffer zones Buffer zones
Gap analysis Gap analysis
Wilderness areas Wilderness areas
See Solutions p. 625See Solutions p. 625
Ecological RestorationEcological Restoration
Ecological restorationEcological restoration
Restoration ecologyRestoration ecology
Rehabilitation Rehabilitation
Replacement Replacement
Creating artificial ecosystemsCreating artificial ecosystems
Natural restorationNatural restoration
See Individuals Matter p. 630See Individuals Matter p. 630
