By MT Banh 3217581

& Liz Kimbell 3217063

BENV 2106 BIOCITY

WE’RE ALL MADE OF WATER!Two thirds of the earth's surface covered by water...

HUMAN BODY = 75 PER CENT WATER

OUR WATER TODAY

6,876,575,040 people as of 5.22 pm Wednesday 14th January 2009

OUR WATER TODAY“Only 2.4% of EARTH is FRESH WATER”

“Less than 1% of all

freshwater is available for

human use”Source: Water International 2008

HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER

Source: National Library of Australia

HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER

Source: Sydney Architecture

HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER

Source: Flikr

Tank Stream

HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER

Source: Sydney Water

Busby’s Bore

HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER

Source: Sydney Water

Botany Swamps Scheme

Engines at Botany PumpingStation (demolished)

HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER

Source: Australian Railway Historical Society

Upper Nepean Scheme

Upper Nepean Dam Wall

HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER

Source:www.ghht.com

Woronara

HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER

Source:www.abc.com.au

Warragamba Dam

SYDNEY’s WATER SUPPLY

Sydney today has a water storage capacity described as “one of the largest domestic water supplies in the world, able to store

four times as much per capita as New

York’s water supplies and nine times as much as London’s

(Flannery 2005)

SYDNEY’s WATER SUPPLYSydney –

2.5 million megalitres of water in 21 dams

OR 2.5 million Olympic Sized

Swimming Pools

SYDNEY’S CATCHMENT AREAS Sydney’s demand for water is currently met by:  A network of 11 major dams supplying drinking water A large number of recycling schemes which save drinking water

for drinking Transferring water from the Shoalhaven River A wide range of water saving programs for homes, businesses

and farms.

These Five catchment areas encompass the 21 dams. Warragamba Dam Upper Nepean dams Shoalhaven system Woronora Dam Blue Mountains dams

WARRAGAMBA DAMWarragamba dam provides 80% of Sydney’s

drinking water

Capacity: 2,031,000 megalitres

OR

2,031,000 Olympic Size Swimming Pools

9,050 square kilometres captured

WARRAGAMBA DAM

Equates to 2,031,000 Olympic Size Swimming PoolsSource:Flikr

WARRAGAMBA DAMOR

FOUR times the volume of water

of Sydney Harbour…

Source:Destination360

Source:Destination360

WHY WARRANGAMBA?Firstly, it had a large catchment area and

secondly the river flowed through a long, narrow gorge.

A comparatively tall and narrow dam capable of impounding a vast amount of water could be built

Its potential was identified as early as 1845, HOWEVER, plans deferred during the construction of the Upper Nepean dams between 1907 and 1935.

An increasing demand for water from expanding population, and a record drought from 1934 to 1942, forced the development of Warragamba Dam to ensure a reliable water supply.

HOW THE DAM WORKSWarragamba Dam supplies bulk water to

three Sydney Water filtration plants

(Prospect, Orchard Hills and Warragamba),

where it is filtered and distributed to people

living in Sydney and the lower Blue Mountains.

HOW THE DAM WORKSThe best quality water is

selected and drawn

through screens on three outlets in the upstream face of the dam.

SYDNEY’S WATER CYCLE

Source: Sydney Water

AVERAGE WATER USE PER PERSON PER DAY

2008

Sydney: 360 L

England: 146-170 L

America: 300-375 L

Source: data360.org

SYDNEY WATER PER CAPITA WATER CONSUMPTION

DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION IN SYDNEY BY SECTOR, 2004–05

Source: 2006 SOE

WITHIN RESIDENTIAL…

27%

24%20%

16%

10%3%

outdoors

showers

laundry

flushing toilets

taps

baths

Source: Kimbell 2009, Sydney Water

EXISTING PROBLEMSManagement of the water systemMaintaining water qualityLeakages amount to 10-20% of water lost

before it reaches the end user. Sydney’s water network consists of 21 000 km of pipes.

Sources:

http://geology.com

http://www.clipartof.com

THE FUTURECarbon Pollution Reduction Scheme

NSW Government’s 2006 Metropolitan Water Plan

RecyclingWater efficiency programsEarly lead detectionDesalination Plant

DESALINATION PLANT

Increase water supplyImportant because it is not dependent on

rainfallPowered by 100% renewable energy

Source: Sydney

Water

Artist’s impression

The 18km pipeline will

connect the desalination plant to

Sydney’s water supply in

Erskineville.

Source: Sydney Water

WHERE THE WATER GOES?

70%

30%

Residential

Businesses andInstitutionalsectors

Source: Sydney Water

THANK YOU“We all have access to the same water,

We’re all in the same boat”

(mtblk2009)

- A tip to conserve water for now, and for the future generations.

MT Banh and Liz Kimbell

BIBLIOGRAPHY Aboriginal Heritage Office 2008, Brief Aboriginal History around Sydney, viewed 14 th January 2009,

<http://www.aboriginalheritage.org/culture/history.php >

Bureau of Meteology 2009,, Australiam 2008 climate averages, accessed 14 January 2009, <http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/zones.htm>

City of Sydney 2008, City of Sydney, viewed 14 January 2009, <http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/>

Center for Innovation in Engineering and Science Education 2005, Down the Drain, viewed 14 th January 2009, <http://www.k12science.org/curriculum/drainproj/>

Data 360 2008, Average Water Use Per Person Per Day, viewed January 14 2009, <http://www.data360.org/dsg.aspx?Data_Set_Group_Id=757>

J Jowit 2008, Running dry, Running out, Guardian News, viewed 14th January 2009, <http://www.guardian.co.uk/>

La Leva di Archimede, Water, viewed 14th January 2009, <http://www.laleva.cc/environment/water.html>

Mannix I 2008, We’re water savers, August 26, ABC, viewed 14th January 2009, <http://www.abc.net.au/water/stories/2346621.htm>

  Natural Resources 2009, How big are your dams, Department of Natural resources, viewed 14 th

January 2009, <http://www.naturalresources.nsw.gov.au/water/pdf/how_big%20are_your_existing_dams-d.pdf>

NSW Department of Planning, 2005, City of cities: A Plan for Sydney’s Future – The Metropolitan Strategy, Dept. Of Planning, viewed on 14th January 2009

New South Wales Government 2008, Sydney Catchment Authority, viewed 14th January 2009, <http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/>

New South Wales Government 2008, Sydney Catchment Authority, viewed 14th January 2009,<ttp://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/>

New South Wales Government 2008, State of The Environment Report 2006, Department of Environment and Climate Change, viewed 14th January 2009,

< http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/soe/soe2006/index.htm>

Sydney Catchment Authority 2009, Annual Report 2007 – 08, viewed 14th January 2009, <http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/8689/PrintAR.pdf?

Sydney Water 2008, Sydney Water, viewed 14th January 2009, <http://www.sydneywater.com.au>   Sydney Water 2009, Sydney Water, Annual Report Summary 2008, viewed 14 th January 2009,

<http://www.sydneywater.com.au/annualreport/pdf/Annual_Report_Summary_2008_Final.pdf>

HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER

Source:www.ghht.com

Blue Mountains Dam

WATER RESTRICTIONS

Mandatory water restrictions came into force across Sydney, the Illawarra and the Blue Mountains on October 1 2003.

Currently in level 3

Also save resources, time and money regarding water treatment and helps the environment.

LIMITATIONS OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

Skills shortage

Ongoing and long term projects

Cultural change

Research needed

EFFECTS OF WATER INFRASTRUCTURE

Flora and fauna

Environmental flows

Clean landscapes

HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER

Source:www.naturalresources. gov.au

The Shoalhaven Scheme