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By MT Banh 3217581
& Liz Kimbell 3217063
BENV 2106 BIOCITY
WE’RE ALL MADE OF WATER!Two thirds of the earth's surface covered by water...
HUMAN BODY = 75 PER CENT WATER
OUR WATER TODAY
6,876,575,040 people as of 5.22 pm Wednesday 14th January 2009
OUR WATER TODAY“Only 2.4% of EARTH is FRESH WATER”
“Less than 1% of all
freshwater is available for
human use”Source: Water International 2008
HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER
Source: National Library of Australia
HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER
Source: Sydney Architecture
HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER
Source: Flikr
Tank Stream
HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER
Source: Sydney Water
Busby’s Bore
HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER
Source: Sydney Water
Botany Swamps Scheme
Engines at Botany PumpingStation (demolished)
HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER
Source: Australian Railway Historical Society
Upper Nepean Scheme
Upper Nepean Dam Wall
HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER
Source:www.ghht.com
Woronara
HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER
Source:www.abc.com.au
Warragamba Dam
SYDNEY’s WATER SUPPLY
Sydney today has a water storage capacity described as “one of the largest domestic water supplies in the world, able to store
four times as much per capita as New
York’s water supplies and nine times as much as London’s
(Flannery 2005)
SYDNEY’s WATER SUPPLYSydney –
2.5 million megalitres of water in 21 dams
OR 2.5 million Olympic Sized
Swimming Pools
SYDNEY’S CATCHMENT AREAS Sydney’s demand for water is currently met by: A network of 11 major dams supplying drinking water A large number of recycling schemes which save drinking water
for drinking Transferring water from the Shoalhaven River A wide range of water saving programs for homes, businesses
and farms.
These Five catchment areas encompass the 21 dams. Warragamba Dam Upper Nepean dams Shoalhaven system Woronora Dam Blue Mountains dams
WARRAGAMBA DAMWarragamba dam provides 80% of Sydney’s
drinking water
Capacity: 2,031,000 megalitres
OR
2,031,000 Olympic Size Swimming Pools
9,050 square kilometres captured
WARRAGAMBA DAM
Equates to 2,031,000 Olympic Size Swimming PoolsSource:Flikr
WARRAGAMBA DAMOR
FOUR times the volume of water
of Sydney Harbour…
Source:Destination360
Source:Destination360
WHY WARRANGAMBA?Firstly, it had a large catchment area and
secondly the river flowed through a long, narrow gorge.
A comparatively tall and narrow dam capable of impounding a vast amount of water could be built
Its potential was identified as early as 1845, HOWEVER, plans deferred during the construction of the Upper Nepean dams between 1907 and 1935.
An increasing demand for water from expanding population, and a record drought from 1934 to 1942, forced the development of Warragamba Dam to ensure a reliable water supply.
HOW THE DAM WORKSWarragamba Dam supplies bulk water to
three Sydney Water filtration plants
(Prospect, Orchard Hills and Warragamba),
where it is filtered and distributed to people
living in Sydney and the lower Blue Mountains.
HOW THE DAM WORKSThe best quality water is
selected and drawn
through screens on three outlets in the upstream face of the dam.
SYDNEY’S WATER CYCLE
Source: Sydney Water
AVERAGE WATER USE PER PERSON PER DAY
2008
Sydney: 360 L
England: 146-170 L
America: 300-375 L
Source: data360.org
SYDNEY WATER PER CAPITA WATER CONSUMPTION
DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION IN SYDNEY BY SECTOR, 2004–05
Source: 2006 SOE
WITHIN RESIDENTIAL…
27%
24%20%
16%
10%3%
outdoors
showers
laundry
flushing toilets
taps
baths
Source: Kimbell 2009, Sydney Water
EXISTING PROBLEMSManagement of the water systemMaintaining water qualityLeakages amount to 10-20% of water lost
before it reaches the end user. Sydney’s water network consists of 21 000 km of pipes.
Sources:
http://geology.com
http://www.clipartof.com
THE FUTURECarbon Pollution Reduction Scheme
NSW Government’s 2006 Metropolitan Water Plan
RecyclingWater efficiency programsEarly lead detectionDesalination Plant
DESALINATION PLANT
Increase water supplyImportant because it is not dependent on
rainfallPowered by 100% renewable energy
Source: Sydney
Water
Artist’s impression
The 18km pipeline will
connect the desalination plant to
Sydney’s water supply in
Erskineville.
Source: Sydney Water
WHERE THE WATER GOES?
70%
30%
Residential
Businesses andInstitutionalsectors
Source: Sydney Water
THANK YOU“We all have access to the same water,
We’re all in the same boat”
(mtblk2009)
- A tip to conserve water for now, and for the future generations.
MT Banh and Liz Kimbell
BIBLIOGRAPHY Aboriginal Heritage Office 2008, Brief Aboriginal History around Sydney, viewed 14 th January 2009,
<http://www.aboriginalheritage.org/culture/history.php >
Bureau of Meteology 2009,, Australiam 2008 climate averages, accessed 14 January 2009, <http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/zones.htm>
City of Sydney 2008, City of Sydney, viewed 14 January 2009, <http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/>
Center for Innovation in Engineering and Science Education 2005, Down the Drain, viewed 14 th January 2009, <http://www.k12science.org/curriculum/drainproj/>
Data 360 2008, Average Water Use Per Person Per Day, viewed January 14 2009, <http://www.data360.org/dsg.aspx?Data_Set_Group_Id=757>
J Jowit 2008, Running dry, Running out, Guardian News, viewed 14th January 2009, <http://www.guardian.co.uk/>
La Leva di Archimede, Water, viewed 14th January 2009, <http://www.laleva.cc/environment/water.html>
Mannix I 2008, We’re water savers, August 26, ABC, viewed 14th January 2009, <http://www.abc.net.au/water/stories/2346621.htm>
Natural Resources 2009, How big are your dams, Department of Natural resources, viewed 14 th
January 2009, <http://www.naturalresources.nsw.gov.au/water/pdf/how_big%20are_your_existing_dams-d.pdf>
NSW Department of Planning, 2005, City of cities: A Plan for Sydney’s Future – The Metropolitan Strategy, Dept. Of Planning, viewed on 14th January 2009
New South Wales Government 2008, Sydney Catchment Authority, viewed 14th January 2009, <http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/>
New South Wales Government 2008, Sydney Catchment Authority, viewed 14th January 2009,<ttp://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/>
New South Wales Government 2008, State of The Environment Report 2006, Department of Environment and Climate Change, viewed 14th January 2009,
< http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/soe/soe2006/index.htm>
Sydney Catchment Authority 2009, Annual Report 2007 – 08, viewed 14th January 2009, <http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/8689/PrintAR.pdf?
Sydney Water 2008, Sydney Water, viewed 14th January 2009, <http://www.sydneywater.com.au> Sydney Water 2009, Sydney Water, Annual Report Summary 2008, viewed 14 th January 2009,
<http://www.sydneywater.com.au/annualreport/pdf/Annual_Report_Summary_2008_Final.pdf>
HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER
Source:www.ghht.com
Blue Mountains Dam
WATER RESTRICTIONS
Mandatory water restrictions came into force across Sydney, the Illawarra and the Blue Mountains on October 1 2003.
Currently in level 3
Also save resources, time and money regarding water treatment and helps the environment.
LIMITATIONS OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
Skills shortage
Ongoing and long term projects
Cultural change
Research needed
EFFECTS OF WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Flora and fauna
Environmental flows
Clean landscapes
HISTORY OF SYDNEY’S WATER
Source:www.naturalresources. gov.au
The Shoalhaven Scheme