T9+HUD: Physical Keypad and HUD can Improve Driving Performance while

Typing and Driving

Gabriela Villalobos-Zúñiga, Tuomo Kujala, Antti OulasvirtaAalto University and University of Jyväskylä, Finland

Photo by: nymag.com

Photo by: forbes.com

341,000 ANUAL TRAFFIC INJURIES IN USA

61,000,000 SALES OF VEHICLES WITHTOUCH SCREEN INTERFACES BY 2021

SCALE

[National Safety Council. 2013. Annual Estimate of Cell Phone Crashes 2013. (2013)][IHS. 2015. IHS Automotive Forecasts 20 Percent Growth in Automotive HMI Components. (2015)]

PREVIOUS WORK ON IN-CAR TEXT ENTRY

BMW iDrive

Mercedes-Benz COMANDAudi MMI

Kern et al., CHI 2009 González et al., Graphics Interface 2007

Wilfinger, 2012

Murer, 2012

HUD VS. HDD

HUD VS. HDD

Ablaßmeier et al. ICME 2007 Liu, Y. C. (2003), Displays, 24

HUD VS. HDD

Ablaßmeier et al. ICME 2007 Liu, Y. C. (2003), Displays, 24

HUD allows drivers to react faster to an abrupt event

HUD VS. HDD

Ablaßmeier et al. ICME 2007 Liu, Y. C. (2003), Displays, 24

HUD allows drivers to react faster to an abrupt eventSupport more consistent speed control and causes less mental stress

HUD VS. HDD

Ablaßmeier et al. ICME 2007 Liu, Y. C. (2003), Displays, 24

HUD allows drivers to react faster to an abrupt eventSupport more consistent speed control and causes less mental stress

Could result in attention capture and increased reaction times to sudden events

T9 KEYBOARD

D.L. Groverer et al., Patent 5,818,437 Christina L James et al., 2001

T9 KEYBOARD

D.L. Groverer et al., Patent 5,818,437 Christina L James et al., 2001

T9 KEYBOARD

D.L. Groverer et al., Patent 5,818,437 Christina L James et al., 2001

10.98 WPM

to

25.68 WPM

HYPOTHESIS

T9 + HUD

METHOD

Experimental study using driving simulator

Experimental study using driving simulator

Experimental study using driving simulator

Speech synthesizer sentences

Typing while driving and stationary

Baseline design

16 participants

21- 48 years old

normal, corrected-to-normal

intermediate, experienced

advanced, very advanced English

right-handed

METHODExperimental Design and Dependent Variables

2 x 2 within-subject design

2 x 2 within-subject design

2 tasks(Driving, Stationary)

2 x 2 within-subject design

2 tasks(Driving, Stationary)

2 input methods (touch screen QWERTY, T9) as Independent variables, counter balanced order

2 x 2 within-subject design

2 tasks(Driving, Stationary)

2 input methods (touch screen QWERTY, T9) as Independent variables, counter balanced order

Order of sentences was randomized

Words per minute (WPM)

Error rate

Lane deviations

Glance time off road(%)

Experienced task workload

Dependent Variables

Touch Screen QWERTY

T9

Independent Variables

METHODTask and Procedure

TASK AND PROCEDURE

Play sentence(Enron Mobile Email Dataset), repeated it.

Type words to form a sentence.

Input the sentence (30 sentences per condition)

Goal: input as correctly as possible at the same time keeping a fast typing pace. Keep their own lane and speed below 60 km/h.

RESULTS

Words per Minute Error Rate

Lane Deviations Glance time off road(%)

Workload(0-100)

DISCUSSION

T9+HUD allows drivers to maintain more visual attention on the road and have less lane deviations

than a QWERTY touchscreen design.

Dashboard Touchscreen T9+HUD

Dashboard Touchscreen T9+HUD

text entry rates ~ error rates ~ experienced workloadwhen driving

Dashboard Touchscreen T9+HUD

T9+HUD

Reduced lane deviations by 70%

Lane-keeping performance was not statistically significant from baseline driving

Reduced glance time off road by 64%

T9+HUD - CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

1. Keyboard (T9 vs. QWERTY on touchscreen)

2. Output (HUD vs. Center console touchscreen)

3. Hand position: both hands vs. one hand on the steering wheel.

LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK

LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK

Replication of results with larger and more representative driver samples.

T9+HUD benefits and possible downsides should be studied with more realistic typing tasks and driving environments.

LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK

Study does not reveal if typing with T9+HUD is safe while driving in real traffic conditions.

It indicates only that typing harmful effects on the measured variables are significantly smaller than while typing with a touchscreen QWERTY keyboard.

LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK

Gaze on the HUD does not necessarily mean that the driver’s attention is on the road.

Detection response tasks should be considered for future experiment replications.

FINAL TAKEAWAY

To reduce distraction, one needs to design for human multitasking and attention and take into account not only the act of pushing buttons but that of monitoring output (display).

T9+HUD: Physical Keypad and HUD can Improve Driving Performance while

Typing and Driving

Gabriela Villalobos-Zúñiga, Tuomo Kujala, Antti OulasvirtaAalto University and University of Jyväskylä, Finland