Post on 30-Dec-2015
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Taxonomy
Classification & taxonomy
Classification is the grouping of objects or information based on similarities.
Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms.
How living things are classified Organisms are grouped into groups called
taxa, each one larger than the previous one.
The smaller the taxon, the smaller the number of organisms in that group. These organisms share greater similarity to each other than those in the larger taxa.
Example: Come up with a classification system
to classify students in this class. Think big to small Ex. We are all Americans all the way to
students in room L309 Americans Texans Residents of Tarrant County Residents of Colleyville Attend CHHS Biology students Biology students in Mrs. Kays class Biology students in Mrs. Kays 4th period class
Least specific
Most specific
Classification System Did King Phillip Come Over For Good
Spaghetti? Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Domain This is the largest taxon. All organisms are placed in 1 of 3 groups. A group of related kingdoms.
3 Domains: Bacteria, Archae and Eukarya
Example: Humans are members of the Domain Eukarya along with all other eukaryotic organisms
Kingdom
This is the second largest taxon. All organisms are placed in 1 of 6 groups
based on their cell structure. A group of related phyla.
6 Kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Ex: Humans are members of the kingdom Animalia along with all other multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes
Phylum (pl. phyla)
A smaller subcategory of a kingdom. A group of related classes.
Ex: Humans are members of the phylum cordata along with all other organisms that have a backbone
Class
A smaller subcategory of a phylum. A group of related orders.
Ex: Humans are members of the class mammalia, along with all other organisms who have mammary glands and hair
Order
A smaller subcategory of a class. A group of related families.
Ex: Humans are members of the order primates, along with all other primates
Family
A smaller subcategory of an order. A group of related genera.
Ex: Humans are members of the family hominidae along with all other great apes
Genus (pl. genera)
A smaller subcategory of a family. A group of related species.
Ex: Humans are members of the genus Homo along with all other organisms that have specific and specialized development of memory/learning/teaching/learning application
Species
A smaller subcategory of a genus. A population of interbreeding organisms
capable of producing fertile offspring.
Ex: Humans are members of the species sapiens, which includes only humans as we know them today
Binomial nomenclature
Carl Linnaeus’ System of naming organisms
2-word classification system for naming organisms.
The first word is the genus name. The second word is the species name. All scientific names are in Latin.
Binomial nomenclature When writing an organism’s scientific
name, the genus (first word) should be capitalized and species (second word) should be lower case and both should be italicized or underlined Ex: Homo sapiens
Scientific names can also be abbreviated G. species Ex. H. Sapiens
The 6 Kingdoms
Kingdom descriptions
EACH SLIDE WILL FOLLOW THE FOLLOWING FORMAT:
Number of cells Characteristics Reproduction Examples of Organisms
Note: Prokaryotes are simple, single-celled organisms with no nucleus. Eukaryotes are more complex organisms that can be either single cell or multicellular and contain a nucleus along with other specialized structures
Archaebacteria
Single-celled, prokaryotes Has cell wall but no nucleus Lives without oxygen in extreme
environments Reproduce asexually Ex: Methanogens, halophiles, and
thermophiles
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria Single-celled, prokaryotes Has cell wall (differs slightly from wall of
archaebacteria), but no nucleus Reproduce asexually Ex: Bacteria, blue-green algae
Eubacteria
Protista
Single-celled or multicellular, eukaryotes Has nucleus and membrane May or may not have cell wall Can be either autotrophs or heterotrophs Move by cilia, flagella or pseudopods Normally reproduce asexually but can
reproduce sexually when under stress Ex: Euglenas, single-celled algae, amebas,
paramecia
Protista
Paramecium
Euglena
Amoeba
Fungi Most are multicellular, the only single celled fungi
are yeasts, eukaryotes Has cell wall that contains chitin, nucleus and
membrane Made of slender strands of cells packed together
called hyphae Heterotrophs, do not ingest their food, instead
secrete digestive enzymes onto whatever they are growing on
Reproduce asexually and sexually Types of fungi
Zygomycetes (bread mold) Basidiomycetes (mushrooms) Ascomycetes (fungi that form sexual spores)
Fungi
Mushroom
Yeast cells
Plantae Multicellular with specialized cells and tissues.
Eukaryotes Has cell wall made of cellulose, nucleus,
membrane and chloroplasts (the site of photosynthesis)
Autotrophs, undergo photosynthesis Rooted to the ground so they can’t move Reproduce either sexually or asexually Types of plants
Nonvascular plants (mosses) Seedless vascular plants (ferns) Nonflowering seed plants (pine trees) Flowering seed plants (roses, grasses and fruits)
Plantae
FernFlower
Moss Green algae
Animalia Multicellular with specialized cells and tissues,
eukaryotes Has nucleus and membrane Heterotrophs, undergo cellular respiration Move using a variety of methods including walking,
running and flying Reproduce sexually Types of animals (99% of animals are
invertebrates) Sponges and cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones and
coral) Mollusks (snails, oysters and squid) Worms (earthworms) Arthropods (insects and spiders) Echinoderms (sea stars, sea urchin and sand dollars) Vertebrates (fish, mammals, birds and amphibians)
Animalia
Evolutionary History Classification based on similarities should be
based on an organism’s phylogeny, or evolutionary history Remember homologous structures are evidence of a
common ancestor while analogous structures are not Cladistics is the method of inferring relationships
based on shared characters Ancestral character: a character that evolved from a
common ancestor Ex: backbone in birds and mammals
Derived character: evolved in an ancestor of one group but not another
Ex: feathers evolved in birds but non mammals
Evolutionary History A cladogram is a branching diagram that
shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms As groups evolve, new characters appear that
were not present in earlier organisms
Cladogram
Hagfish do not have jaws while every organismPast that point on the cladogram does have jaws
Hagfish, Perch, salamanders, lizards and Pigeons have neither fur nor mammary glands while mice and chimps have both characters
Dichotomous Key The identification of biological organisms can be greatly
simplified using tools such as dichotomous keys. A dichotomous key is an organized set of couplets of
mutually exclusive characteristics of biological organisms. You simply compare the characteristics of an unknown
organism against an appropriate dichotomous key. These keys will begin with general characteristics and lead to couplets indicating progressively specific characteristics. If the organism falls into one category, you go to the next indicated couplet.
By following the key and making the correct choices, you should be able to identify your specimen to the indicated taxonomic level.
Dichotomous Key Example: Use the Key to identify
this alien1) a. The creature has a large wide
head….. Go to 2b. the creature has a small narrow head…. Go to 3
Narrow Head-go to number 3
Dichotomous Key3) a. The creature has no antennae…. Go to
4 b. The creature has antennae… Go to 5
Has Antennae- Go to number 5
Dichotomous Key5) a. Creature has 2 eyes… go to 6 b. Creature has 1 eye….. Narrowus
Cylops
6) a. Creature has a mouth… go to 7 b. Creature has no mouth… go to 8
2 eyes-go to 6 Mouth
-go to 8
Dichotomous Key8) a. There are spikes on the left leg….
Narrowus portus b. There are no spikes at all…. Narrowus
plainus
Spikes on the left leg- Your creature is Narrowus portus!