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CULTURE,NATURE,FUTURE.
TECHNICAL MANUAL CORK CONSTRUCTION & DECORATION MATERIALS
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01 .PREFACE 7
02 .USE OF CORK IN CONSTRUCTION AND DECORATION 9
02.1 Introduction 1102.2 Green Building 1102.3 Use of Cork in Construction 1302.4 Cork products 13 02.4.1 Pure Expanded Agglomerate 13 02.4.2 Compound Agglomerate 15 02.4.3 Cork Compound with Rubber 15 02.4.4 Other Cork Compunds 16 02.4.5 Granules 16
03 .USE OF CORK IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 19
3.1 Insulation in Inclined Roofs 203.2 Insulation of Flat
and Metallic Roofs 213.3 Façade Insulation 213.4 Insulation of Indoor Walls 23 3.4.1 For Insulation
of Walls (air cavities) 233.5 Covering
for Indoor Walls 253.6 Floors 25 3.6.1 Floating Flooring 27 3.6.2 Glue-down Cork Flooring 27
04.REFERENCE PROJECTS 29
4.1 Portugal Pavilion at Hannover Expo 2000 30
4.2 Quinta do Portal Warehouse 304.3 Portugal Pavilion at the
Shanghai 2010 Expo 314.4 Sagrada Família 314.5 Matrix, Vision 450 324.6 Green House Hotel 324.7 Nezu Museum 334.8 Aveda Frederic’s Institute 33
05.TRENDS AND OTHER USES FOR CORK 355.1 Other Uses 36 5.1.1 Acoustic and Vibration Insulation
for Machinery 36 5.1.2 Automotive Industry 36 5.1.3 Cork Powder 37 5.1.4 Aerospace Industry 37 5.1.5 Conduits 37 5.1.6 Solvents 38 5.1.7 Pharmaceutical Industry 38 5.1.8 Design 38
06.TECHNICAL PRODUCT SHEETS 40
07.BIBLIOGRAPHY 47
08.CONTACT 49
CONTENTS
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CULTURE,NATURE,FUTURE.
Corkisa100%natural,sustainableandrecyclablematerial.CorkoakshaveauniqueabilitytoabsorbC02fromtheatmosphere.Itisestimatedthatthecorkoakforestscanabsorbupto14milliontonsofCO2peryear.
High-techmaterialsfortheaerospaceindustry,polymercompoundsforthetransportsector,top-levelsportsequipment,benchmarkarchitectureanddesignworksarejustafewexamplesofhowcorkisusedwhichdemonstratestheversatilityofthiscomplexmaterial.
Thecorkoakforestisoneofthe35globalbiodiversityhotspotsandahabitatforsomeofthemostendangeredspeciesontheplanet.Ithelpstocontrolerosion,regulatesthehydrologicalcycleandcontributestofightingdesertificationandglobalwarming.
Sincethereisnofuturewithoutpeople,thecorkindustryisatrulysocial,envi-ronmentalandeconomicpillarforthemillionsofinhabitantsofthewesternMediterraneanbasin.Thankstothecorkoakforestandproductsmadefromcork,itispossibletoshowthatsustainabledevelopmentmaynotbeautopia.
Biodiversity Hotspot Added Value
Corkhasprotected,inspiredandfascinatedmankindforthou-sandsofyears.Thediscoveryofcork’spotentialandexcellencehasledtovariousindustriespassingthisknowledgeonfromgenerationtogeneration,with-outcuttingdownasingletree.
Corkhasbeenthepreferredwineclosureforcenturiesandischosenbyover70%ofwinemakersworld-wide,forapproximately12billionbottlesproducedannually.
Synonymous withGood Wine
Knowledge passed from Generation to Generation
100% Environmentally Friendly
Innovation, Technology and Quality
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Manycorkoaksgrowingtogethercreatewhatisknownasthe“Montado”corkforests,anamegiventotheminthe14thcenturythatreferstothebiodiversityfoundinthisenvironment,sincetheterm“montado”inPortuguesereferstoanimalsthatcanbe“mounted.”
TheMontadoisessentiallydistributedamongsouthernMediterraneanandNorthAfricancountries;yetitisPortugalthatholdsthegreatestconcentrationwithover30%oftheworld’stotal.
Thecorkoakisaspontaneousspeciesthatcurrentlyoccupiesanareagreaterthanone-thirdofPortugal’sterritory(around730thousandhectares),butitismostlyconcentratedinthesouth,inAlentejo.
TheMontadoishometoanendlessvarietyofanimalandplant
speciesandhasgreatlycontributedtomaintainingaregularhydrologiccyclewhileprotectingthesoilandpreventingdesertification.
ItisalsoimportanttonotethattheMontadohelpscapturecarbondioxide(CO2),thegasresponsibleforglobalwarming,byholdingupto14milliontonsofCO2peryear.
Corkisfurtherclassifiedasaneco-efficientmaterialwithalifecyclewherewastefromthemanufacturingprocessisreusedasbiomasstoproducenewproducts.Duringthecorkproductionprocess(asinthecaseofthepureexpandedcorkagglomeratewhichrequiresonlysteamfromheatedwaterasameansofagglutinatingthegrainswithouttheneedforchemicaladditives,)nowasteisreleasedintotheenvironment.Infact,eventhecorkpowderproducedfromthesystemisusedasbiomassinproducingsteamorelectricenergy.
Cork is the material that covers the trunks and branches of the cork oak (Quercus suber L.), a tree related to the oak, which is the only tree capable of naturally regenerating its bark after it is removed. Cork is harvested by experienced professionals at intervals of nine years, which causes no damage to the tree. It is not necessary to fell the cork oak to obtain cork. 01.
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USE OF CORK IN CONSTRUCTION
AND DECORATION.
Cork has unique features that make it an excellent material for use in Construction and Decoration. It is 100% natural, a renewable resource, and has notable physical properties, such as: thermal, acoustic, and anti-vibration insulation. It is moreover notable for its low weight, elasticity and impermeability to liquids and gasses.
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02.1 - IntroductionCorkhascometobewidelyusedinconstructionasamaterialforproducingparquetstylefloor,wallorceilingcoverings,expansionjoints,aircavityfillings,refrigeratorchambers,heatingandairconditioningtubecoverings,andmachinefoundationsthatabsorbvibrationsandnoise.Thus,awell-insulatedbuildingprovidesgreatercomfortandisthereforemoreenergyefficient,resultingingreatersavings.
Regardingitsuseinindustrialareas,especiallywhenusedasinsulation(forimprovingmachineperformanceandpreventingwasteofenergyandwear),itsubstantiallyincreasestheyieldofworkerswhoaregivenamorepleasantworkingenvironment.
Inrecentyears,duetohealthandenvironmentalproblemsfoundinconnectionwiththeproductionanduseofcertainproducts(i.e.asbestosfibersandchlorofluorocarbonsorCFCs,whichareusedasagentsforexpandingcertainplasticandureia-formaldahydefoamcellsandmayreleaseirritants),thereisarenewedinterestinthermalinsulationsolutionsthatuseapureexpandedagglomerate,especiallyincountriessuchasAustria,Switzerland,Germany,theUnitedKingdom,Italy,andRussia.
Everyyearnewcork-basedproductscomeontothemarket,suchasnewflooringcollectionswhicharevisuallysimilartoothermaterials(wood,leather,stone,etc.);productswithdifferenttextures(smoothorwavy)invariouscolorsandsizesthatallowforacombinationofflooringsfromdifferentcollectionstomakedecoratingeasier;andproductsforuseonwalls,inavarietyofcolorsandtextures.
02.2 - Green BuildingAlthoughawarenessofclimatechangesareevolving,intheconstructionindustrythereisacontinuedneedtousetheprinciplesofEcologicalArchitecture-atypeofarchitectureaimedatimprovingEnvironmentalquality,reducingthenegativeimpactofbuildingsontheEcosystem,andcontributingtoadherencetoguidelinesthroughprotocolsandInternationalTreaties.
Accordingtostatisticaldata,theconstructionindustryhasasignificantimpactontheEnvironmentandsoinanefforttominimizethisimpact,innovativeconceptsarebeingcreatedinNorthAmericaandEurope,amongstothers.
TheconceptofGreenBuildingisanothernewtrendthatisusedintheresidentialandcommercialsectorstosignificantlyreducenegativeimpactsontheEnvironmentandthepeoplelivinginit.
ThetermGreenBuildingwasbornfromagrowingconcernwiththehighrateofconsumptionofnaturalresources,suchaspowerandwater,andwithbuildinginthecontextoflargecities.
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Thisnewchainofthoughtisaimedatgainingphilosophicalintegrationinlookingatboththeefficacyofproductionmethods,andthesustainableuseofnaturalenergyresources,inanattempttocutoreliminatedefectsintheprocessofproducingandconsumingresources.
Inanefforttoextenduseofenvironmentallyfriendlymaterialsinbuildingandminimizetheeffectsofheattransmissionbyconductioninbuildings,itisnecessarytoconsiderthethermalresistanceofbuildingelementsandincorporatenaturallyobtainedinsulationmaterials.
Corkcanplayanimportantroleinthisrespectsinceitisnotonlyanaturalproduct,butitsproductionprocessisextremelyenvironmentallyfriendly.Evencorkpowderisusedasbiomass.ItisharvestedmanuallyintheMontadoregionand,afterithasbeenusedforaparticularpurpose,corkcanbereusedandrecycled.
Becauseofitscharacteristics,pureexpandedagglomeratesheetshavebeenusedininsulationforroofs,walls,andoutdoorcoverings,inanefforttocontributetoreducingenergyconsumptionandthelossofheatintotheEnvironment.
Thecompoundagglomerateisusedinnewflooringconcepts,wallcovering,furnishingandotherapplicationsthatusecorkasameansofextollingitasamaterialcapableofadaptingtoandperformingitsfunctioninharmonywithothermaterials.
Thus,thegrowinguseofecologicalmaterialsissynonymouswithaphilosophyof“innovationgearedtowardsthefuture”whichnotonlycomplieswithEuropeanguidelinesandlaws,butcanalsobeusedinnewbuildingsortoremodeloldones.
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02.3 - Use of Cork in ConstructionCorkisusedinConstructionasaresponsetothecurrentneedsforcomfortandtoenvironmentalconcernsforusinggreenmaterialsthatdonotharmtheEnvironment.
Corkcoveringsareoneofthemostcomfortableandrecommendedoptionsforflooringinanylivingarea,sincecorkworkstoabsorbthenoiseofimpactandimprovesqualityoflife.
Corkisnotableforbeingoneofthebestsolutionsintermsofhealthbecauseofitsresistancetohumidity.Peoplewhosufferfromallergiesandasthmaareadvisedtousecorkbecauseitdoesnotgatherstaticelectricity,andthereforedoesnotattractdust,pollen,orsmallfibers.
Anotheradvantageofthistypeofflooringisitsabilitytoregulateroomtemperatureasaresultofitsperformanceasathermalandacousticinsulator.Itprovidescomfortinplacesthatrequirespecialcaresuchasconferencerooms,theaters,movietheaters,commercialbuildings,hospitals,schoolsandkindergartensaswellasotherareasaimedatindividualwell-being.
Productsavailableonthemarketaremadeofoneoftwotypesofagglomerates:pureexpandedagglomerateandcompoundagglomerate,whichareproduceddifferentlyandhavedifferentfunctions.Theseagglomeratesalongwithothermaterialscanfurthercreatenewproductsanduses.
02.4 - Cork products
02.4.1 - PURE EXPANDED AGGLOMERATE
Pureexpandedagglomeratedcork,commonlyknownas“blackagglomerate”,usesfalcacork,virginorreproductioncork,asarawmaterial.Falcaisgroundupintogranules,placedinautoclavesandundergoexpansionbybeingexposedtosteamfromwaterheatedto350-370ºC.Thegranulesexudearesin(suberin),whichallowsforagglomerationwithouttheuseofanyforeignadditives.
Thusablockofexpandedcorkisobtainedwhich,afterstabilization,isrectifiedandcutintoplatesofvaryingthicknesses.
Expandedagglomeratedcorkisanexcellenttechnicalsolutionforvibration,thermalandacousticinsulation.Corkhasclosedcells,sotheporesarenotinterconnectedtoexterioropenings.Assuch,soundabsorptionisweak.However,blackagglomeratedcorkhasopenporesbetweenthegranulesofcork,asthegreaterthevolumefractionofthesepores,thelowerthedensityoftheagglomerate.Thisspecificfeaturehelpstoimprovetheabsorptionofsoundandmechanicalenergy.
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Initsroleasathermalinsulator,expandedagglomeratedcorkhelpstoprotectagainsttemperaturefluctuations,reducingenergylossandmoisturecondensationonthesurfaceofwallsandceilings.Inthefieldofacoustics,thematerial’sabsorptioncapacitycontributestothereverberationtimereductionaswellasreducesthetransmissionofsoundimpact.Thus,applyingagglomeratedcorktothefloororwallensuresthepartialortotalabsorptionofsoundenergyandhencereducesreflectedsound.Inaddition,expandedagglomeratedcorkcanbeappliedasavibrationbufferforlargemachines,reducingthevibrationtransmissiontothestructureandbuildingfoundation.
Corksmainfeaturesare:
1. 100%naturalandrenewableresource;2. Industrialprocesswithouttheuseofadditives;3. Densityof100-120kg/m3(standard);4. Excellentheattransfercoefficient–0.038/0.040W/mk;5. Goodacousticinsulation(aerialandpercussivenoises);6. Excellentmechanicalproperties;7. Excellentdimensionalstability;8. Behaveswellinfireandwhenitundergoescombustionit
doesnotemittoxicgasses;9. Practicallyunlimiteddurability,withoutlosingfeatures;10. Totallyrecyclableandreusable.
Corkisanaturalsolutionforsustainableconstruction.
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02.4.2 - COMPOUND AGGLOMERATEThemainrawmaterialusedincompoundor“whiteagglomerate”isobtainedbygrindingthewaste/byproductfromthemanufactureofcorkstoppers.Thesegranulesarebondedbyajointactionofpressure,temperatureandresin(syntheticorofplantorigin)andareproducedinsheets,blocksorcylinders.Byaddingresinsandadditivestechnicalagglomeratedproductswithdiverseapplicationsareobtained,including:
1. Intheelectricalindustry,asaninsulant;2. Inconstruction,asflooringandaswallandroofcoverings;3. Asanacousticandthermalinsulatorforwallandfloor coverings;4. Inexpansionjoints;5. Asafrictioncomponentandforpolishingcrystals;6. Officeequipmentandeducationalproducts;7. Onshoesolesandinserts;8. Inmanufacturingitems,especiallyhomewarearticles;9. Forfurniture,rigidpanelsandrigidpartsfordividers;10. Infishingbobbersandlifejackets;11. Forhockeypucks,golfandcricketballs;12. Forprotectionfromradioactiveisotopes;13. Forvalvesonwindinstruments.
02.4.3 - CORK COMPOUND WITH RUBBER Thisisacompoundagglomerateofcarefullyselectedcorkthatiscompressedwithrubber.Thismixcombinestheresilienceofrubberwithcork’spropertiesofmechanicalresistanceanddimensionalstability,whichresultsinaflexible,elastic,yetsolidproduct.Becauseofitsprecisionandresistance,itisusedinenginejoints,intheautomobileandnavalindustry,intheelectro-mechanicalindustry,andinmanufacturinganti-slipflooring.
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02.4.4- OTHER CORK COMPOUNDS
Corkiscapableofgeneratingawidevarietyofproductsgivenitsabilitytointegratewithothermaterialssuchasrubber,plastic,asphalt,cement,plaster,casein,resinsandglues,andotherproductsthatareintendedforspecificapplications.
Inadditiontobeinganenvironmentallyfriendlymaterialandeasilyrecyclable,thefiberobtainedfromcoconutstogetherwithexpandedagglomeratedcorkpresentsexceptionalacousticperformancesinthesubstantialreductionofimpactandair-bornesoundlevels.
02.4.5-GRANULES
Expanded (black)
Expanded(black)granulesarenaturalgranuleswiththermalandacousticcharacteristics.Theyareusedtofillemptyspacesinfloors,lightscreeds,interiordividingwalls,andforotherspecificuses.Thistypeofgranuleislight(60/65kg/m3)andcanbesuppliedindifferentsizes.
Non-expanded
Naturalcorkgranulescancomeinvariablegrain(granule)sizesandcanhaveadensity(orvolumemass)of40to100kg/m3ormore,dependingontheirquality.Theindustryusuallyprovidesgranulesinspecificsizesanddensitiesaccordingtouse.
Corkgranulesaretraditionallyusedtomanufactureagglomerates,forboththeconstructionmaterialsandcorkstopperindustries.However,therearemanyotheruseswherecorkgranulesareusedaloneoralongwithothermaterials,makingthemostofcork’sextraordinarycharacteristics.Corkgranulesareusedineverythingfromagriculturetoconstruction,environmentalprotection,energy,andthemilitaryindustry,andhavecountlessindustrialusesinareassuchasautomotives,electronics,chemicals,metalmechanics,andothers.
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USE OF CORK IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION.
Thematerialsmadeofcorkcanbeusedinvariousdivisionsofthehouse,asinsulationorasadecorativewallandfloorcoveringelement.
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3.1 - Insulation in Inclined RoofsInthebuildingarea,thepureexpandedagglomerateorICB(InsulationCorkBoard)findsitsmost“sophisticated”useinthermalinsulationforterracecoverings,playingtheroleofathermalinsulantandsupportingthewater-proofingsystem.
Dimensionalstability,resistancetohightemperatures(neededforthesheetseithertoadheretothesupportbaseorforthewater-proofmembranestoadheretothesheets)andmechanicalcharacteristics(compressionandcohesion),whichcharacterizethepureexpandedagglomerateaccountforundeniableadvantages(image2)(seeinattachment–Product1sheet).
Underlaysanddecorativewithcork
FAÇADE
Thermalinsulationofdoublewalls
Façadecovering
FLOORING
Image 1 - 3D house with uses of cork
ROOF
WALL
Thermalinsulation
Acousticandthermalinsulationanddecorative
covering
InsulationusingtheETICSsystem
ATTACHMENT SHINGLE / TILE
WATERPROOFING
WOOD OR CEMENT SLATS
PURE EXPANDED AGGLOMERATESLAB
Image 2 – Use of pure expanded agglomerate in inclined roof insulation
Corkcanbeusedindifferentareasofahouseorbuildingasaninsulantorsimplyfordecoration.Image1providesanexampleofitsuses.
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3.2 - Insulation of Flat and Metallic RoofsInsulationofflatandmetallicroofsisaprocedurethatrequiresconsiderationofseveralfactors:thermalinsulation,reducedheattransfer,andprotectionagainstinfiltrationofwaterandhumidity(image3).
Inthecaseofmetallicroofs,pureexpandedagglomerateprovestobeanexcellentproductbecauseitisresistant,allowingforsecureinstallationmethodstobeusedthatmaketheroofresistanttowindaswellastrafficloads,especiallyduringtheconstructionphase.
Notonlycanitbearpermanentpressurewithouttheriskofdamage,pureexpandedagglomeraterepresentsanexcellentthermalinsulant,thuspreventingthesuddenvariationsintemperaturetowhichthissystemissubject,whileprovidingstabilityforwater-proofingsinceitslackofcapillaritymeansitdoesnotabsorbwater.
Pureexpandedagglomerateisusedforroofswherereducingweightresultsinimposition(roofswithresistantmetallicstructures),requiringuseofself-protectedwater-proofingmembranes,andmoreoveriftheyshowsignsoftheaforementionedadvantagesincomparisonwithotherthermalinsulants.
Onaccessibleterraces,thefeaturesfavorabletoacousticinsulationandinsulationfrompercussivenoises(peoplecirculating,objectsfalling)thatpureexpandedagglomeratepresentscanalsobeusedtogreatadvantage(seeattachment–Productsheet2).
Image 3 – Use of pure expanded agglomerate in flat roof insulation
3.3 - Façade InsulationThetransferofenergybetweentheinsideandtheoutsideisadeterminingfactorinabuilding’senergyperformance,regardlessofthetemperaturecontrolsystemthatisused.Thefirstdecisionisinchoosingbuildingsolutionsfortheoutsidecoveringthatareappropriateforthelocalclimate.
Inordertoreducethermalinsulationproblemsinbuildings,manyEuropeancountrieshavedevelopedinsulationsystemsforapplicationonfaçadeexteriors,whetherinretrofittingbuildings,wheretheverticalcoveringhastheaforementionedsymptoms(signsofunsatisfactorythermalinsulation,etc.),orinnewconstructions.Thesesystemsrepresentanexcellentsolution,bothforenergyconservationaswellasfromanoverallbuildingstandpoint.
OnepossiblesolutionforuseonexternalwallsisthermalinsulationofsimplewallsusingETICS(ExternalThermalInsulationCompositeSystem)adheredcoveringorusingthefaçade,acontinualornon-continualindependentcoveringattachedtopunctualsupports.Anothersolutionisthermalinsulationofdoublewallingusinginsulationthattotallyorpartiallyfillstheinsulantbox.
WATER-PROOFINGSTEAM BARRIER
STRUCTURE (CONCRETE OR WOOD)METALLIC ROOF
PURE EXPANDED AGGLOMERATE
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TheETICSsystempresentsahigh-qualitytechnicalsolutionthatischaracterizedby:
1. Reducedthermalbridges,whichtranslatesintoalessthick thermalinsulantthathasthesameglobalheattransfer coefficient;2.Lessriskofcondensation;3. Increasedthermalinertiainsidebuildings,sincemostofthewall
massisfoundinsideofthethermalinsulant.Asaresult,thermalcomfortisimprovedintheWinter(increasingtheusefulhoursofsunlight)andintheSummer,duetothecapacitytoregulatethetemperatureindoors;
4. Watersavingsduetothereducedneedtoheatandcooltheindoorenvironmentthroughthereducedgradientoftemperaturesthataresubjecttotheindoorlayersofthewall;
5.Allowsforthinneroutdoorwalls,increasedlivingarea;6.Lowerstheweightofwallsandpermanentloadsoverthe
structure;7. Increasedprotectionthroughoutthewallsfromweathering
throughatmosphericagents(thermalshock,liquid/water,solarradiation,etc.);
8.Improvedwater-proofingofwalls;9.Allowsforchangestothelookoffaçadesandplacementduring constructionwithoutdisruptingbuildingoccupants;10.Providesalargevarietyoffinishingsolutions.
ApplicationoftheETICSsystemincludesthefollowingphases:
1. Assemblyofsidesandpedestalprofiles;2. Gluepreparation;3. Glueapplication;4. Placementofinsulation,orpureexpandedagglomerateinthis
case;5. Reinforcementofsingularpoints;6. Applicationofthereinforcedbase;7. Applicationoftheprimarylayer;8. Applicationoffinalcovering
Thestandardsizeofpureexpandedagglomeratesheetsis1000x500mmandwithathicknessof30mmorgreater(dependingontheprojectspecifications).
Sheetsofpureexpandedagglomerateareusedbyattachingthemwithspecialglueplaceddirectlyovertheplaster,withorwithoutmounts,whichcanbeoverlappedorusesimpleapplication.Itcanalsobeapplieddirectlytostructures(wood,iron,oraluminum)(image4).
Photograph 1 – Prepared façade / insulated with cork for placement of ETICS finishing
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Furthermore,thermalinsulationforsimpleexteriorwallspreventsthermalbridges,allowingthenecessarythermalinertiainthewallstobeusedtomaintainamoreorlessconstanttemperatureindoors,regardlessofseason.
Theuseofpureexpandedagglomeratesheetsonthefaçadeasanexternalcoveringisalesscostlysolutionsincethermalinsulationappliedtodoublewallsusesonlypartofthewall’sthermalinertia,requiringcorrectionofthermalbridgesandmakingthewallsthicker,increasingtheweightonthestructureandthefoundations(seeattachment–Productsheet3).
3.4 - Insulation of Indoor Walls3.4.1 For Insulation of Walls (air cavities)
Theapplicationofpureexpandedagglomerateindoublewallinsulation(withaircavities)offersexcellentthermalinsulationoveralongperiodoftimeaswellasexcellentacousticcomfort.Doublewallswithaircavitiesaresusceptibletohumidityproblems,whichiswhyitisvitaltocreateatroughatthebottomoftheaircavity,overtheslab,exitingtotheoutside,thuscreatingventilationintheaircavitywhich,alongwiththebarriermadebythepureexpandedagglomerate,eliminateshumidityproblems(image5and6).
Image 4 – Use of pure expanded agglomerate on façades - ETICS
Adhesiveputty
Fiberglassnetwork
Masonry
Finalplaster
Pureexpandedagglomerate
Concrete
Adhesiveputty
Image 5 – Use of pure expanded agglomerate in wall insulation (with air cavity)
Masonry
Covering
Aircavity
Corkinsulation
Slab
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Inthermalinsulationfordoublewalls,sheetsofpureexpandedagglomerateareplacedinsidetheintermediatewallspace,totallyorpartiallyfillingit.
Totalfilling,whichiseasiertoperformattheconstructionsite,putstheagglomerateatriskofcomingintocontactwithwater,whichmayaccidentlyenterthroughtheoutsidesurfaceofthewall(orthroughcondensation).
Yet,thebestsolutionfromatechnicalandeconomicpointofviewistoinstalltheinsulantontheoutsideoftheinsidewall,betweenthesheetsofICBandtheoutsidesurface,thusmaintaininganairspacethatdrainsandisventilatedtotheoutside.OneofthewaysthatthermalinsulationcanbedonefromtheinsideconsistsofcombiningsheetsofICBwithsheetsofgypsumboardbyusingglue(cementglue,liquidnails,orspecialmortarsbyMapei,FassaBartolo,KaraKol,etc.)orbyusingmechanicalinstallation(usingthermalbushings),givingitmechanicalprotectionandmakingitresistanttofire(seeattachment–Productsheet4).
Image 6 – Use of pure expanded agglomerate in wall insulation
Masonry
Covering
Aircavity
Corkinsulation
Slab
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3.5 - Covering for Indoor WallsUsingsheetsofcorkagglomerateforindoorwallcoveringsisacurrentoptionthatallowsforimprovedconditionsofthermalandacousticcomfortinanyspace(image7).
Thematerialcanbesuppliedin3mmthicksheetsinnaturalstate(foron-sitefinishing)orwithvarnish,waxoroilsurfacetreatments.Asureinvestmentintermsofdesign,thesekindsofwallcoveringscanbechosenbasedonawideandthoroughrangeoflooks,allofwhicharebasedoncork(seeattachment–Productsheet5).
3.6 - FloorsInrecentyears,constructionprofessionalshaveincreasinglyusedcorkinordertotakeadvantageofitsexceptionalcharacteristics.Infact,corkfloorsareshockabsorbentandwillretaintheiroriginalshapewhenexposedtonormalcompression.Inaddition,theyreducenoiseduetothenaturalabsorptioncapacityofcork.
Corkfloorsarecomfortable,natural,ecological,hygienic,durableandeasytomaintain.Thefocusondesignandontheuseofthemostadvancedtechnologiesinthepreparationandtreatmentofsurfaceshasallowedforawidevarietyofavailabletextures,colorsandshapesthatfollowthetrendsinfashion.
Usingcorkbyitselforincombinationwithothermaterialssuchaswood,vinyl,andleatherprovidesawiderangeofelegantandsophisticatedlooksthatallowforthemostvariedenvironmentstobecreated,enrichedbytheuniquequalitiesofcork.
However,toobtainsatisfactoryresultsitisnecessarytounderstandthetypesofcorkflooringavailableincluding:
Bothareavailableinnaturalstate(foron-sitefinishing)orwithvarnish,waxoroil
finishes.
Decorativecorkwallcovering
Concrete
Adhesiveputty
Image 7 – Use of cork for internal wall coverings
FLOATING GLUE-DOWN
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3.6.1 - FLOATING FLOORING
Floatingcorkfloorsaremadeupofdecorativelayer,anagglomeratecorklayer,anintermediatelayerofHDF(anagglomerateofhigh-densitywoodfibers)andalowerlayerofagglomeratedcork.Thepanels,whichmayhavethicknessesvaryingfrom10to12mm,arecuttosizeandtheedgesaremilledtoaprofilethatallowsforthemechanicalinterlockingofthepanelswithouttheuseofglue.Thistypeofpavementisapplieddirectlyonthefloor,withoutbeingglued,hencethename“floating”.
Thisproduct’sbiggestadvantageisitseasyinstallationandthefactthatitcanbeusedoverexistingfloors(seeattachment–Productsheet6).
Image 8 – Composition of a floating cork panel
3.6.2 - GLUE-DOWN CORK FLOORING
Corkfloorsthataremeanttobeglued-downarecomposedofasinglesheet(dense)ofhigh-densityagglomeratedcorkoradecorativesheetofhighdensityagglomeratedcork.Thesheetsarecutintotilesofvarioussizes(600x300mmbeingthemostcommon,butalso300x300mm)anddifferentthicknessesrangingfrom3.2mmto6mm.
Tilesareusuallyalsosuppliedwithasurfacetreatmentthatmakesthemresistanttouse.Wheninstallingthisglue-downsystem,thesubfloorshouldbelevelandwaterproofed(seeattachment–Productsheet7).
Image 9 – Composition of a glue-down cork panel
SurfaceTreatment
CorkLayer
Agglomerate
HighDensityWoodFibers
HighDensityCorkAgglomerate
SurfaceTreatment
DecorativeCorkLayer
HighDensityCorkAgglomerate
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04.REFERENCE
PROJECTS.
04.1Portugal Pavilion in Hannover Expo 200004.2Quinta do Portal Warehouse
04.4Sagrada Familia
04.5Matrix, Vision 450
04.6Green House Hotel04.7Nezu Museum
04.8Aveda Frederic’s Institute
04.3Portugal Pavilion in Shanghai, China 2010
Cork and its use in construction have
increasingly captivated architects who have
used it as a choice and a reference when in
retrofitting buildings or creating new
projects. Here are a few examples.
ObservatoryCorkOakandCork|2001
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Location - Coimbra-Portugal
Designed by - ArchitectsÁlvaroSizaVieiraandEduardoSoutodeMoura
Project - ThePavilionisanexhibitionspacethatwasconceptualizedforExpo2000inHannover,Germany.Today,itislocatedinCoimbraandisusedforculturalactivitiessuchasexhibitsandconcertssponsoredbytheCoimbraCityCouncil.
Use of cork - Sheetsofpureexpandedagglomerate(referenceMDFACHADA)andhigh-densitycork(around160kg/m3)sheets,areusedasexternalcoveringsonsomeofthefaçadesthatmakeupthebuilding.Thearchitects’aimwastoapplytheblackagglomerateinavisiblemannerforthefirsttime.
Location - Sabrosa-Portugal
Designed by - ArchitectÁlvaroSizaVieira
Project - TheQuintadoPortal,builtinthePinhãoRivervalley,joinstraditionwithinnovation.Itiswhereinternationallyaward-winningwinesareproducedandisspecialtotheDouroareaasasophisticatedwarehouseforaging.Theprojectwasdevelopedwiththeaimofincludingacellar,store,andauditoriuminjustonespace.
Use of cork - Theexternalcoveringmaterialschosenbythearchitectservedtointegratethebuildingintothelandscape.Amongthecoveringsusedintheconstructionofthisbuilding,thestone(schist)onthelowerpartandthepureexpandedagglomerate(referenceMDFACHADA)aboveitandfollowingtheentirefaçadestandout.
4.1 - Portugal Pavilion in Hannover Expo 2000
4.2 - Quinta do Portal Warehouse
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Location - Shanghai–China
Designed by -ArchitectCarlosCouto
Project - ThePortugalPavilionisanedgyprismshapethatisdividedintothreeinteriorzones:protocolroom,businesscenter,andthetechnicalarea.Itstheme:“Portugal,asquarefortheworld,Portugal,energiesfortheworld.”
Use of cork - ThePortugalPavilioninShanghaiusedpureexpandedagglomerate(referenceMDFACHADA)asacoveringmaterialonallofthebuilding’sfaçades.
4.3 - Portugal Pavilion in Shanghai, China 2010
Location - Barcelona–Spain
Designed by - ArchitectJordiBonetiArmengol
Project -ItisBarcelona’smostfamouscallingcardandoneofthemostvisitedmonumentsinthewholeworld,receivingmillionsoftouristseveryyear.TheSagradaFamília,createdbyCatalanarchitectGaudíandconsideredbymanytobehismasterwork,isaCatholictempleofimpressivegrandiositywhosearchitectureamazesanyonewhoseesit.
Use of cork -Corkflooringasacoveringmaterialchosenbythearchitect.Inadditiontothefeaturesthatmakeitcomfortableandvisuallyappealingtovisitors,cork’scapacityforacousticabsorptionwasadeterminingfactorinitsselectionasaflooringoption,averyimportantfeatureinaprojectofthiskind.
4.4 - Sagrada Familia
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4.6 - Green House Hotel
4.5 - Matrix, Vision 450
Location - CapeTown,SouthAfrica
Designed by -M&BArchitects&Interiors
Project - TheHollowonTheSquare,M&BHouseisthefirst“greenhotel”toopeninCapeTown,SouthAfrica.CreatedbyM&BArchitects&Interiors,itisbasedontheprinciplesofeco-efficiency.Allofitsdecorativematerialsreflectinspirationfromnaturalelementsandmakethespaceextremelycomfortableandwelcoming.
Use of cork - Asacovering,corkflooringwasusedinthecorridorson3floors,intheelevator,inthenorth-facingroomsonthe2ndand3rdfloorsandin10roomsonthe1stfloor.
Location - SouthAfrica
Designed by - MatrixYachts
Project - Thisprojectoftheinteriortransformationofatop-of-the-lineluxuryyachtwasdesignedbasedonthemostadvancedanddemandingconstructionstandards.Theexceptionallyspaciousandsophisticatedinteriorrevealsluxuriousdetailsandthebestinfinishings.
Use of cork - Thecorkflooringwasselectedinresponsetotheneedsofamarketsegmentthatisextremelydemandingintermsofbothaestheticsandtechnicalperformancelevels.
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4.7 - Nezu Museum
4.8 - Aveda Frederic’s Institute
Location - Tokyo-Japan
Designed by - ArchitectKumaKengo
Project - AfterbeingclosedforseveralyearsandnowundertheauthorityofJapanesearchitectKumaKengo,thenewmuseumisinspiredbytheconceptoftraditionalJapaneseharmony;aneffectgainedbyselectingmaterialsdevelopedinbalancewithNature.Thus,inthemuseumentranceandcentralhall,largewindowsopenontothemagnificentoutdoorgardensandinundatethespacewithlight.
Use of cork - Theadditionofcorkflooringgavethisspaceitsdesireddistinctionwhileprovidingacousticcomfortandanidealizedlook.
Location - Indianapolis-USA
Designed by - AvedaFrederic’sInstitute
Project - Bytakingontheroleofa“greenandenvironmentallyfriendly”building,thisrenownedinstituteofcosmetology,artsandscienceseducationmadeapointofusingrecycledorrecyclablematerialswhilekeepingtechnicalperformanceinmind.
Use of cork - Highlyresistanttoscratches,stains,andotherproblemsresultingfromintensiveuseaswellasanenvironmentallyfriendly,aestheticallyattractive,durable,andpracticalsolutioninapplicationandmaintenance,corkflooringfitinperfectlywiththespiritofAvedaFrederic’sInstitute. ©
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Although 90 percent of cork is used in the cork stopper and construction materials industries,
the use of this raw material does not stop there. It is increasingly common to find it used
in decorative and design items that beautify spaces, in garments and goods that are shown on
the runways, and in the aerospace, automobile and pharmaceutical industry. Cork continues to
be a subject of great discoveries and new uses.
There is a world to discover that fascinates investigators, scientists, architects, and
designers.
05.TRENDS AND OTHER USES FOR CORK.
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5.1 - Other Uses5.1.1.ACOUSTIC AND VIBRATION INSULATION FOR MACHINERY
Regardingcorkagglomerateformachinery,therearetwogeneralmethodsofapplicationthatarebothidealsolutionsforissuesofminorvibrationinmachinery.
Inthefirst,thefoundation’svolumeiscoveredinconcrete;next,sheetsofcorkwithsufficientdensityandthicknessareplacedandappliedusinghotpitch.Waterproofpaperisalsoappliedontopofthecorkusinghotpitch.
Inthesecondmethod,sheetsofcorkareapplieddirectlybetweenthemachinebenchandthefloororfoundationtowhichitisconnected.
Therearecountlessmachinesthatrequireinsulationagainstvibration,including:compressors,elevatorswithmotors,hydraulicpresses,looms,turbines,vises,generators,andengines.
5.1.2 - AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Althoughcorkisalreadyusedintheautomobileindustryinjoints(cylinderhead,gearbox,etc.)andonfloorsinpublictransportvehicles,corkproductshavebeenstudiedforuseinsideautomobiles,forstickers,onhandbrakehandlesandgearshifts,forcoveringthesteeringwheelanddashboardandsoon.OneexampleofitsinnovativeuseintheautomotiveindustryisintheF700modelfromMercedesBenz.
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5.1.3 - CORK POWDER
Corkpowderistheresidueproducedinthecorkindustry,whichcomesfromgrindingandmillingcork.Thepowderismostlyusedasaco-generatoroftheenergythatfeedsthefactories.Corkpowdercanalsobeusedinmanyapplications,suchasacleaningproductforparts,statues,andfaçadesexposedtoenvironmentalpollution.
5.1.4 - AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
AtypeofgranuleusedinNASArocketsismadeofcork.Thismaterialisusedintheboostersandactsasaninsulatingagentagainsthightemperatures.
5.1.5 - CONDUITS
Corkcanalsobeusedtocoverconduits.Itsuseneutralizesthetwomainenemiesofrefrigeratorinstallations,heatandhumidity,andpreventsthemfrompenetratingandallowsforcompletewaterproofingoftheinstallation.
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5.1.6 - SOLVENTS
Onewasteproductfrommanufacturingpureexpandedagglomerateissteamcondensationfromboilingcork.Thiscanbeusedinitsrawformtopreparesolutionsaswellasinsolventsthatareappliedtowood,grantingitgreaterdimensionalstability,greaterresistancetofungalgrowth,andprovidinginterestingcolorantsforcertainuses(i.e.furniture).Itcanalsobeusedinapplicationstoprotecttreestumpsandtrees.
5.1.7 - PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Corkresiduecanalsobeusedasaveryimportantrawmaterialinobtainingfinechemicalandpharmaceuticalindustryproducts.Afteritispurifiedandchemicallyseparated,compoundsareobtainedwithvarioususes,amongwhichisasavaccineadjuvant.Thereareevenstudiesonanti-cancertreatmentsandasaninsectrepellent.
5.1.8 - DESIGN
Byembracingecologicalandnaturalmaterialsmoreoften,architects,designersanddecoratorshavebeenrediscoveringcork,enablingthemtocomeupwithavarietyofdecorativeproductswithdifferenttextures,tones,andcolors,openinguparangeofoptionsforcreatingnewenvironments.
Design,style,trendinessandimagearekeyattributesincreatingaddedvalueforamaterialwithacenturies-oldtradition.
Thechallengeistocreativelyaddvaluetocorkinareasasdiverseasfurnishings,decoration,kitchenutensils,textiles,shoes,Hi-Techaccessories,toys,andmanyotherthings.
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SHEET FOR PRODUCT 1 Insulation for inclined roofs
Size(mm)
Consideringthestandardsize
Size(mm)
Consideringthestandardsize
Asaprimarylayer,placementoflockingteethandapplicationofbrickstolockintheshingles.Secondstage:waterproofing–applicationofplastictoprotecttheroof.Nextstage,insulationwithapplicationofsheetsofexpandedcorkagglomerateand,asafinalizer,finishwithapplicationofshingles/tiles.
APPLICATION
Dimensional stability
Good resistance to compression
(flexible)
Density
100/ 120Kg/m3
Heattransfercoefficient
0,037/0,040 W/mK
1000 x 500 mmDoes not absorb water through
capillarity
(asspecifiedintheproject)
(asspecifiedintheproject)
Thickness*30 mm or superior
30 mm or superior
Use in inclined roofs
Theexpandedcorkagglomerateisapplied,consideringthesteambarrierspace,underthemetalliccoveringfollowedbyawaterproofingproduct.
SHEET FOR PRODUCT 2
APPLICATION
Insulation of flat and metallic roofs
Dimensional stability
Good resistance to compression
(flexible)
Density
100/ 120Kg/m3
Heattransfercoefficient
0,037/0,040 W/mK
1000 x 500 mmDoes not absorb water through
capillarity
Thickness*Use on flat Roofs
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*-Thethicknesses(mm)willdependontheheattransfercoefficientthattheenvironmentneeds.
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SHEET FOR PRODUCT 3
30mmthickness
40mmthickness
50mmthickness1.0989 0.8620 0.7090
Kvaluefordifferentthicknesses
WALL CHARACTERISTIC
OrdinaryConcrete Thickness:25cm Dens.2,2t/mc λ=1.28W/m°C
Type“S”bricks Thickness:25cm λ=0.410W/m°C
Fullbricks Thickness:25cm λ=0.93W/m°C
Dublewood Thickness:25cm C=4.25W/m°C(Airspace)
Industrialsheet Thickness:25cm C=0.73W/m°C
K WITH INSULATION AGGLOMERATE THICKNESS
0.85
0.63
0.80
0.62
0.65
S= 3 CM
0.69
0.34
0.66
0.53
0.56
S= 4 CM
0.59
0.47
0.56
0.47
0.49
S= 5 CM
λ=thermalconductivitycoefficient|K=heattransfercoefficient|C=(I/C=K)conduction
Application on façade insulation
– ETICS System
Thickness
(20 a 50 mm) (55 a 160 mm) ±2mm*±1mm*
1000±5mm* 500±3mm*Size(mm)
Consideringthestandardsize*Toleranceofthemeasures *Toleranceofthemeasures
Façade Insulation – ETICS System
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Startbyassemblingfoundationandsideprofiles,andthenapplygluefollowedbyinsulation,whichinthiscaseispureexpandedagglomerate.Thisisfollowedbyapplicationofreinforcedbase(fiberglass-150/220kg),theprimarylayerand,finally,applicationofthefinalcovering.
Externalbuildingwalls.
APPLICATION
USE
Double wall (air cavity) insulation
SHEET FOR PRODUCT 4
Thedoublewallismadeupof:masonry(orconcrete)wall,corkagglomerate,mechanicalattachment,adhesiveputty,andfinalplaster.Thecorkagglomerateisattachedbyusingglues(cementglueorliquidnailsorspecialmortars)orthroughmechanicalattachmentusingso-calledthermalbushings.
Dividersorinternalwallsmadeofconcrete,brickorothermaterials.
APPLICATION
USE
*Thicknesses(mm)willdependonthethermalresistanceandtheheattransfercoefficientrequiredbytheenvironment.
1000 x 500 mmDoes not absorb water through
capillarity
Size(mm)
Thickness*
30 mm or superior
Heattransfercoefficient Dimensional
stabilityGood resistance to
compression(flexible)
Density
100/ 120Kg/m3 0,037/0,040 W/mK
06.
(asspecifiedintheproject)
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SHEET FOR PRODUCT 5 Use as a decoration for indoor walls
Floating floor
Attached floor
Thickness 3mm 300x300 / 600x300
06.
Wax,oil,varnish,orinanaturalstate(foron-sitefinishing)
Asadecorativematerialforindoorwallsinhomes,restaurants,bars,hotels,etc.
FINISHES
USE
SHEET FOR PRODUCT 6
Thickness 10 to 12 mm 900x300Sizes(mm)
Sizes(mm)
Thickness
3,2 to 6 mm 600x300 / 600x450 / 300x300
SHEET FOR PRODUCT 7
Oil,varnish,wax,vinyl,orinanaturalstate(foron-sitefinishing)
FINISHES
StandardDimensions(mm)(forfinishingwork)
Oil,varnish,wax,vinyl,orinanaturalstate(foron-sitefinishing)
AccordingtomanufacturerinstructionsFINISHES | APPLICATION
Thedimensionsvaryaccordingtothemanufacturer.
Thedimensionsvaryaccordingtothemanufacturer.
Thedimensionsvaryaccordingtothemanufacturer.
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07.BIBLIOGRAPHY
InstitutoNacionaldaPropriedadeIndustrial.AutilizaçãoeavalorizaçãodapropriedadeIndustrialnosectordacortiça.VolumeII.Dec.2005.
GIL,Luis.ManualTécnicoAPCOR.AcortiçacomomaterialdeConstrução.
Catalog.CortiçaNaturezanoseumundo.APCOR
PESTANA,Miguel.TINOCO,Isabel.AIndústriaeoComérciodaCortiçaemPortugalDuranteoSéculoXX.InstitutoNacionaldeInvestigaçãoAgrária/INRB,IP,2009.
I.M.GUERREIROSILVA,Joana.AutilizaçãodacortiçanaArquitecturatradicionalportuguesa.FinalexamforlicensureinPorto,2008/2009.
CALADOGaspar,Daniel.ArchitectureMasterThesis.InovaçãonaArquitecturaeDesempenhoAmbiental,2009.
FERNANDESLopes,Gonçalo.Civil
EngineeringMasterThesis,2009.IsolamentoActivoaRuídosdePercussãoemPavimentoFlutuante.
AMORIMRevestimentos.PavimentosdecortiçaWicanders.UniversidadeNovadeLisboa
SchoolofSciencesandTechnologyCoveringsTechnology,2005.
SALVADOR,Sofia.Inovaçãodeprodutosecológicosemcortiça.MechanicalEngineeringDepartment.InstitutoSuperiorTécnico,2001.
MAXIT–TecnologiasdeConstruçãoeRenovação,Lda.IsolamentoTérmicodefachadaspeloexterior.Porto,December2002.
WEBSITES
http://www.realcork.orghttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortiçahttp://www.miguelguedes.pt/
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ThemissionofthePortugueseCorkAssociationistorepresentandpromotethePortugueseCorkIndustryandproductsmadeusingcork.Ithas250membercompaniesthatareresponsibleforaround80%ofthenation’stotalproductionand85%ofPortuguesecorkexports.
APCORworkstoensurethatitsmembersadoptthebestinternationallyrecognizedproductionpracticestoproducehighqualitycorkstoppersforthewineindustryanditsconsumers.
APCORisresponsiblefordevelopingpromotionalandvalue-addingactivitiesforcorkbycarryingoutinitiativesthataredomesticandinternationalincharacter,moreoverprovidinganinformationcenteraswellastechnicalservicestoitsmembers.
08.CONTACT
APCOR - PORTUGUESE CORK ASSOCIATION
Av. Comendador Henrique Amorim, nº.580Apartado 100
4536-904 Santa Maria de Lamast: +351 227 474 040f: +351 227 474 049
realcork@apcor.pt / info@apcor.pt
www.realcork.org / www.apcor.pt
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Technical Data SheetProperty:APCOR
Author:FernandaChiebaoYearPublished:2011
Printrun:2.000
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