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Fifth Conference on University‐Business‐Government Interaction, Universidad Technoloigca de Bolivar, Colombia, August 22 to 24, 2011
Technological Universities as Source of Innovation, Research, Knowledge Transfer and Entrepreneurship to Generate Competitive Advantages for their Territories
Professor Seeram Ramakrishna, FREng, FNAE, FAAASseeram@nus.edu.sg
SingaporeColombia
Half Way Around the World! (16,000 km)
~ 1,038,700 sq km~ 44 m~ $285.5 billion GDP
~ 687 sq km~ 5 m~ $222.7 billion GDP
OUTLINE
Global Landscape
Singapore
National University of Singapore
Summary
0,0%
5,0%
10,0%
15,0%
20,0%
25,0%
30,0%
35,0%
40,0%
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Asia
USA
Europe
Rest of theWorld
% o
f Glo
bal R
&D
Spe
ndin
g
YearSource: Battelle, R&D Magazine, Global R&D Funding Forecast, editions:– Dec 2008 , Dec 2009 and Dec 2010 Changing Face of Innovation : Is it Shifting to Asia? Seeram & Daniel
Breakdown of Global R& D Spending
In 2010, Asia surpassed US in having the highest global share of spending
in R&D
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Global Increases in Researchers
US1342
US1426
Total number of researchers: ~ 5 m (year 2000); ~ 10 m (year 2010)
Source: OECD Factbook 2009: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics - ISBN 92-64-05604-1 - © OECD 2009; A*STAR Singapore; Main Science and Technology Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2009; Brazil: Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT); India: National Science & Technology Management Information System, Department of Science & Technology.
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) as percent of GDPHigher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) as percent of GDP
Research Statistics - 2007
Growing Importance of Universities to the Nations in Scientific Research, Innovation & Economic Growth
Pre‐1600* Few Institutions of Higher Learning* Theology, Philosophy, Medicine, Law* Scholarship funded by self, wealthy and crown* Educated people for religious institutions and courts of crowns
* Introduction of Science and Technology* New universities across Europe* Trained workforce for Industry* Scholarship funded by self, wealthy and crowns* Enabling role of print media
1600 ‐ 1900 1900 – 2000* Education + Scientific Research* Massive expansion of university sector in Europe and America* After WWII Nation states funding research
2000 & Beyond* More than 15,000* universities worldwide* Education + Research + Economic Impact* Global mobility of talent* Ubiquitous information and enabling role of ICT* Nation states funding research for competitive advantage
Universities Trends
Changing Face of Innovation : Is it Shifting to Asia? Seeram & Daniel, 2011, World Scientific Publishers
University Landscape –Knowledge Generation and Knowledge Absorption are Global
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Social mobility
Rich source of research, analysis, commentary & thought leadership
Globally competitive human capital
Impactful new knowledge generation and innovations to support economy
Magnet for investments resulting in wealth creation & job creation
Global reputation and visibility
Importance of Universities to the Nationsin a competitive global world
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Meeting the Expectations
OUTLINE
Global Landscape
Singapore
National University of Singapore
Summary
“What is interesting from a British perspective is thatthere is a sense of ambition here which is hugelyimpressive and when we consider our ownchallenges, generating growth in the economy, thereis a lot we need to look at here at how they havedone it”
“….Interesting to see the evolution of educationsystem, language, legal system, civil service, in wayswe can learn from and we can hopefully share theirexperience”
Antony PhillipsonBritish High Commissioner to Singapore
Monday August 8, 2011
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1960196319661969 19721975197819811984 1987199019931996 19992002200520080
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Evolution of the Singapore Economy
GDP US$BPer Capita US$K
From 1960 to 2010 Singapore’s GDP increased by ~40-fold
Asian Financial Crisis 97-98
9-11 / Dot-Com Burst 2001
1960 - 1969Labourintensive
1970 – 1979Skillintensive
1980 - 1989Capitalintensive
1990 - 1999Technology Intensive
2000-Knowledge/InnovationEconomy
Global Financial Crisis 2009 Periods of Economic Contraction :
A small island city state with no natural resources Highly industrialized, developed & urbanized Best place to do business & live in Asia
Ranked 2nd most innovative vountry – by BCGworld’s second‐busiest container port and fourth‐largest financial centre – Bloomberg A global hub for a range of industries, from financial services to transportation, to pharmaceuticalsMost U.S. dollar‐millionaire households per capita
GDP (2010) $222.7 billion
Per capita GDP $62,100 (PPP)
Singapore
Singapore Budget by Sector - % of 2010 Budget
Education – 20.8% of 2010 Government
Budget
Education has been high priority since independence
Social Development ,
43 %
Security and External Relations, 32.5%
Economic Development,
21.1 %
Government Administration,
3.4%
Singapore
Sufficient resources to support quality mass education
Attract the best and brightest to teaching and research
Social mobility
Source : http://www.esc.gov.sg; Singapore Government Budget 2010 & Statistics Singapore
Singapore Government Budget 2010
Total Expenditure by Government
46.37 bi
Projected GDP 277.67 bi
Total Expenditure on Education 9.66 bi
Education Expenditure as % of Budget 2010
20.83%
Total Expenditure on Universities
2.52 bi
University Expenditure as % of Education Budget
26.09%
High Priority - Education of People Singapore
Public Universities
Year Founded University Name Distinguishing Features
1905 National University of Singapore (NUS) Leading comprehensive University
1991 Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Engineering, Business, Sciences + Medicine
2000 Singapore Management University (SMU)
Business (strong link with Wharton School)
2010 Singapore University of Technology & Design (SUTD)
Engineering (strong link with MIT & Zhejiang University)
University Cohort Participation Rate in SingaporeYear 1980 Year 2010
5% 26% (50,000 students)
Drop out rate of tertiary education students: OECD ~ 30%; Singapore ~ 5%
Singapore Source for best ideas globally Customize to local system and culture
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1960 20001980
Labour Intensive
Capital IntensiveTechnology Intensive
Skills Intensive
Higher Education + S&T Innovation
+ EnterprisesDriven Economy
2020
Singapore Government’s Goal: To transform Singapore into one of themost research‐intensive, innovative and entrepreneurial economies in the worldin order to create high‐value add jobs and prosperity for Singaporeans
2010 2015
Singap
ore R&
D Spe
nding as % of G
DP
3.5%
2.7%
3.5%
2.5%
3.0%
1.3% 1.3% 1.3%1.4%
1.5% 1.5%
1.7%
2.1% 2.2% 2.1% 2.2%2.3% 2.3%
2.5%
1.2%
1.9%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
BERD/GDP GERD/GDP
1.9% 2.0%
Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD)Business Expenditure on R&D (BERD)
Science & Technology Plan 2010(2006-2010)S$13.9 billion
Science & Technology Plan 2005(2001-2005)S$6 billion
National Science & Technology Plan (1996-2000)S$4 billion
National TechnologyPlan
(1991-1995)S$2 billion
5-year S&T Plan
Science, Technology & Enterprise Plan 2015(2011-2015)
S$ 16.1 billion
{Public expenditure on scientific research:
UK ~ 0.55%GDPGermany ~ 0.71%
USA ~ 0.77%France ~ 0.81%
Singapore ~ 1%}
Singapore’s Spending on R&D
Singapore’s Spending on R&D
1991‐1995: $ 2 billion
1996‐2000: $ 4 billion
2001‐2005: $ 6 billion
2006‐2010: $ 13.55 billion
2011‐2015: $ 16.1 billion
~3,000 researchers, scientists & engineers,
RSEs in 1990
~12,000 RSEs in 2010
Reference: R&D Magazine, Dec 2009 : 2010 Global Funding Forecast
Global Averages: R&D expend ~1.7% of total world GDP;
1544 researchers per million people
R&D Expend as % of GDP
Res
earc
hers
/ M
illio
n P
eopl
e
Singapore –3.5% GDP by 2015
High Priority - InnovationSingapore
Singapore’s output of papers, representing all fields
Key Features of R&D Management in Singapore
Combination of top‐down and bottom‐up
International bench‐marking/ peer review
Industry inputs in shaping R&D thrusts
Attract the best and brightest to the teaching and research (pay scales pegged to the global bench‐marks; world‐class infrastructure; culture of excellence)
More local competition
Meaningful global partnerships
Co‐branding with the best in league
Industry alignment fund
Ministry of Education’s Academic Research Council
Robert Brown, Boston University
Nicholas P Bigelow, University of Rochester
Randal Bryant, Carnegie Mellon University
Jean‐Lou Chameau, California Institute of Technology
Mogens Flensted‐Jensen, University of Copenhagen
Alice Gast, Lehigh University
Philip Khoury, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Sir George Radda, University of Oxford
Judith Swain, University of California, San Diego
Axel Ullrich, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry
Zhu Zuoyan, Peking University
Increasing Competition Locally
NUS (1980)
NTU (1991)
SMU (2000)
SUTD (2010)
Global Players in Singapore MIT, USA UC Berkeley, USA ETH, Switzerland Technion, BU & HUJ, Israel Peking University, China Imperial College, UK
Singapore’s Public Research Institutes ASTAR’s 15 institutes
Private Sector Industry
Singapore Public Universities
Singapore National
Research Foundation’s
Campus for Research
Excellence And
Technological Enterprise
(CREATE) co- located at
University Town
CREATE
University Town
650,000 sq ft scientific research centerlocated at the National University of Singapore’s new 7 acre University Town campus.
Global Partnerships
Singapore‐MIT Alliance for Research and
Technology
1. Infectious Diseases
2. Environmental Sensing & Modeling
3. Bio‐Systems and Micromechanics
4. Future Urban Mobility
Global Partnerships
SINGAPORE‐ETH, Switzerland: Future Cities Laboratory
Global Partnerships
Singapore-Berkeley ResearchInstitute for SustainableEnergy (SINBERISE)
Global Partnerships
Industry Alignment Fund
$1.35bn (~ 10% of national R&D budget) is provisioned as
Industry Alignment Fund (IAF)
IAF will be used to develop a portfolio of R&D programs
and capabilities that are aligned with the needs of industry
over the next 5‐10 years; as well as attract and stimulate a
higher level of industry R&D spending in Singapore
OUTLINE
Global Landscape
Singapore
National University of Singapore
Summary
Rooting Culture of Excellence @ Universities-Ministry of Education, Singapore
Institutional Self‐
Assessment
External Validation
Feedback and
Development
Three-step Approach
Take Action 33Source : MOE, Singapore
• Indicators & measures that
signal and quantify success
• Indicators & measures that
signal and quantify success
• Feedback & Learning
• Feedback & Learning
• Resources & operations that turn intentions
into action
• Resources & operations that turn intentions
into action
• Leadership, strategies & policies that direct the university
• Leadership, strategies & policies that direct the university What are
we trying to do?
How are we trying
to achieve this?
How are we assessing our success?
What are we learning?
Virtuous Quality Spiral
34Source : MOE, Singapore
Rooting Culture of Excellence @ Universities-Ministry of Education, Singapore
• Differentiated learning• Internationalization• Global learning
Human Capital Development
• World class research infrastructure• Powerhouse for new knowledge• Knowledge transfer and entrepreneurship
Capacity Building in Research Excellence
• Attraction of top talent (Local and International)• Test bedding innovative ideas for global
challenges
Magnet for Investments &
Economic Growth
• Talents (Local and International)• Academic-Private-Government Partnerships
Global Partnerships
• Academic leadership• Academic innovationsGlobal Reputation
National University of Singapore (NUS) in Nation’s Progress in a Globalized World
Internationalization of University
NUS excels by providing differentiated
learning experience with
~ 50% faculty members,
~ 30% of undergraduates, and
~ 75% of graduates
~ 75% of researchers
from over 100 nations
Global Learning
Take NUS students to the world
50% undergraduates go overseas; 20% for > 6 months
> 60 joint- & double-degree programmes with top universities around the world
180 partner universities for student exchange
6 NUS Overseas Colleges across the US, Europe, China and India
Duke‐NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore
Singapore‐MIT Alliance (SMA)The Logistics Institute‐Asia PacificMasters in Public PolicyExecutive Development ProgramDesign Technology InstituteGerman Institute of Science & Technology French‐NUS Double Degree ProgramInternational MBA ProgramNYU@NUS Law ProgramJDP in Actuarial Studies & Economics
Joint PhD Program
Duke MIT
Georgia TechHarvardStanford
T/u Eindhoven T U Munich
6 Grandes EcolesPeking
New YorkAustralian National
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Global Education Partnerships
NUS-Government-Private PartnershipsCampus for Research Excellence And Technological Enterprise (C.R.E.A.T.E.)
UNIVERSITY TOWN
FUSIONOPOLIS
BIOPOLIS
National University of Singapore
part of National Research EcosystemWithin 7 KM radius SCIENCE PARK
S$150 million investment by GE and NUS (2008)2,700 sq metres of new R&D laboratory on NUS Campus
NUS – GE Singapore Water Technology CentreWorld – Class Collaborative Centre with Industry for advancing water technologies Self‐sufficiency in meeting national water needs Solutions for other nations
Example
Solar panels
$120m SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SINGAPORE (2008)
Example
World´s best person to lead it Clean energy technology solutions for Singapore and the world
~ 92% of NUS’s Research Funds come from External Competitive Grants
NUS-funded Research Programmes
4%
RCEs (Cancer, CQT, Mechanobiology)
18%A*STAR 15%
MOH15%
Others (Other Min/Stat Boards/Industry/
Foundations/ Individuals)28%
MOE Competitive Grants (Tier 2)
7%
NRF (Projects)9%
MOE Block Grant for Research (Tier 1)
4%
Others (Other Min/StatBoards/Industry/Foundations/Individuals)RCEs (Cancer, CQT,Mechanobiology)
MOH
A*STAR
MOE Competitive Grants(Tier 2)
NRF (other than RCEfunding)
MOE Block Grant forResearch (Tier 1)
NUS-funded Research
RESEARCH: Inputs and Outputs/Outcomes
INPUTS
Research Quality?
Researchblack box
Numbers –of researchers,
facilities, collaboration
O
UT
P
UT
S
JournalsBooksConf papers
Ideas: proposals,
and
partnerships
Trained manpower
Academies Editorial Boards
Patents LicensesSpin‐offs
Investments;Revenue
Key notes Op’ed
Skilled employment
Industrial contracts
Research Grant O
UT
CO
ME
S
PrizesAwards
Citations
Social policy change
External Research Grants Awarded to NUS
Total Project Value Awarded by External Funding Agencies(FY2002 - FY2009)
369
223
162
11088
263
$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
$350
$400
FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09
Financial Year
Proj
ect V
alue
S$m
illio
n
NUS52%NTU
31%
A*STAR14%
Others3%
New Knowledge Generation
Share of Publications in Journals
Source : Accessed Thomson Reuters -Web of Science data on 1 Sep 2010; Journal Publications with Impact Factor
Period from Year 2000 to 31 Aug 2010
Ranking of Share of Publications by Higher Education
1 National University ofSingapore (NUS)
2 Nanyang TechnologicalUniversity (NTU)
3 Agency for Science,Technology and Research (A*STAR)
4 Others
2010-11 THE World University Rankings for NUS
Source: www.timeshighereducation.co.uk
World rank: 34th
Asia rank: 4th
Contribute to 52% of Singapore’s total research output of about 60,000 journal articles for the past decade
Materials Science is the BESTperformance for NUS with its papers cited at more than twice the world average.
Other fields in the physical sciences with substantial output and high relative impact by NUS researchers were Mathematics, Engineering and Chemistry.
* Journal & conference papers* Pockets of research* Research income* Conferences* Consultancy* Books
* High research averages across the university* High impact factor journal papers* Citations, citations per paper, highly cited papers, h‐index, g‐index, etc* Editorial boards, patents, copy rights, licenses, start‐ups, spin‐offs, industry income* Advisory boards, high level committees
* Peaks of excellence‐ national & global visibility* Membership of prestigious academies* International awards & prizes#* Peer partnerships* Plenary lectures
* Thought leadership & influence* Transformative ideas & impact* Value to the respective eco‐system* National and global reputation
Universities Trends Wise Expectations are Function of Nature and Degree of Evolution of a University
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There is no common definition of a world class university but most can point to its aspects By and large universities operate within the realm of local and national dynamicsIndividual academics can create impact without resorting to the above step-wise approach
OUTLINE
Global Landscape
Singapore
National University of Singapore
Summary
More such information can be found in this book …..
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National Level
• Clear vision for higher education• Commitment of adequate resources (recurrent and fixed)• Competitive research funds• Autonomy to the universities• Framework for Accountability and Quality Assurance • International Academic Advisory Panel/ External Review Panel
University Level
• Overseers of the university to comprise successful business leaders, entrepreneurs, scholars, policy makers, philanthropists
• Shared strategies, goals and plans• Aligned governance structures and processes• Self‐assessment and plans for improvement• Celebrate excellence
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College/Faculty/School Level
• Visiting committees• Performance based rewards and resource allocation• Celebrate excellence
Department Level
• Visiting committees• Accreditations, where applicable• Performance based promotion and tenure• Bench‐marking with peer groups• Celebrate excellence
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Individual Academics
• Teaching quality and effectiveness• Relative research excellence in niche area(s)• Leadership and visibility• (Globally) competitive remuneration packages• Ethics & integrity
Students and Staff
• Merit based admission of students• Source globally for graduate students and researchers• Competitive remuneration
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Excellent Universities and Nodes
of Scientific Research &
Innovation in Specific Areas are
Globally Dispersed
21st Century
THANK YOU !
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seeram@nus.edu.sg