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The concept of The concept of Integrated Flood ManagementIntegrated Flood Management
Regional Programme on Disaster Risk Reduction in South East EuropeTraining workshop on flood risk assessment
27 September – 1 October 2010Istanbul, Turkey
Tommaso AbrateClimate and Water Department
World Meteorological Organization
Plan of the presentation
• WMO’s role
• The principles of Integrated Flood Management
WorldWorldMeteorologicalMeteorologicalOrganizationOrganization
WorldWorldMeteorologicalMeteorologicalOrganizationOrganization
The UN system's authoritative voice on the state and behaviour of the Earth's atmosphere, its interaction with the
oceans, the climate it produces and the resulting distribution of water resources.
The UN system's authoritative voice on the state and behaviour of the Earth's atmosphere, its interaction with the
oceans, the climate it produces and the resulting distribution of water resources.
WMO’s objectives
• Facilitate worldwide cooperation in the field of meteorology and hydrology and their application to the benefit of all;
• Promote the establishment and maintenance of systems for the rapid exchange of data information in meteorology, climatology and hydrology;
• Promote standardization of observations and ensure the uniform publication of observations and statistics;
• Further the application of meteorology, climatology and hydrology to development issues (transportation, water management, agriculture, etc.);
• Encourage research and training, and assist in coordinating their international aspects.
WMO’s Programmes
World Weather Watch (WWW) World Weather Watch (WWW) ProgrammeProgramme
WMO WMO SpaceSpace Programme (SAT) Programme (SAT) DisasterDisaster RiskRisk ReductionReduction Programme (DRR)Programme (DRR)
Education and Training Education and Training ProgrammeProgramme (ETRP) (ETRP) Technical Cooperation Technical Cooperation ProgrammeProgramme (TCP) (TCP)
Regional Regional ProgrammeProgramme (RP) (RP)
World Climate World Climate Programme Programme
(WCP) (WCP)
Atmospheric Atmospheric Research and Research and Environment Environment ProgrammeProgramme
(AREP) (AREP)
Applications Applications of of MeteorologyMeteorology
Programme Programme (AMP) (AMP)
Hydrology Hydrology and Water and Water Resources Resources ProgrammeProgramme
(HWRP) (HWRP)
Hydrology and Water Resources Programme (HWRP
• Monitoring the state of their countries’ and, as a consequence, of the world's freshwater resources;
• Measuring basic hydrological elements from networks of hydrological and meteorological stations;
• Collecting, processing, storing, retrieving and publishing hydrological data, including data on the quantity and quality of both surface water and groundwater;
• Providing data and information for use by planners and water managers;
• Managing water-related risks, particularly flood and drought management;
• Installing and operating hydrological forecasting systems; • Integrating meteorological and climatological information
and forecasts into water resources management.
Programme structure
• Programme on Basic Systems in Hydrology
• Programme on Hydrological Forecasting in Water Resources Management
• Programme on Capacity-building in Hydrology and Water Resources Management
• Programme on Cooperation in Water-related Issues
Main activities
• QMF - Hydrology
• WHYCOS
• WMO Flood Initiative– APFM
– FFGS
• HOMS
• Capacity building
Disaster Risk Reduction Programme (DRR)
• Development, improvement and sustainability of early warning systems, of weather-, water-, climate-related hazards;
• Development, improvement and sustainability of applications of modern technologies for providing hazard information for risk assessment;
• Development and delivery of warnings, specialized forecasts and other products;
• Stimulate a culture of disaster preparedness through strengthening of capacities;
• Strengthen WMO and NMHSs cooperation and partnerships for implementation of disaster risk reduction.
Hazards, risks and disasters
• Natural hazards are unavoidable
but• Disasters are
caused by social attitudes and developmental processes that increase vulnerability
Living in the flood zone
•Settling in flood zone has great advantages
•Flooding occurs in flood zones
•No measure, alone or in combination with others, can eliminate flooding
•We must adapt the use and land management to the benefits, risks and limitations placed in flood areas
Beneficial aspects of floods
• Recharging water sources (recharge groundwater, restock man-made reservoirs)• Agriculture (provide nutrients and sediments)
• Fishery (provide an ecological trigger for spawning and migration)• Rejuvenation of the river ecosystem (provide seasonal variability and variable sediment, wash down pollutants and contaminants, flush out organic substances)
Provide livelihood opportunities
Worlwide statistics on natural Worlwide statistics on natural disasters disasters
Damages caused by floods increase
... hand in hand with GDP
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
US$ bn
Sources:•GDP Groningen growth and development centre (www.ggdc.net) Maddison archive•Flood losses Munich Re
GDPFlood losses
To
tal
Insu
red
P
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0Richer countries Poorer countries
Economic losses Losses as percentage of GDP
Bil
lio
n U
S$
Per
cen
tag
e o
f G
DP
Losses caused by natural disastersLosses caused by natural disastersTotal value and percentage of GDP in richer and poorer Total value and percentage of GDP in richer and poorer
countries (1985-1999)countries (1985-1999)
Fonte: adattato da MunichRe, 1999
Time evolution
Expected climate change impacts
• Increase in temperature, evaporation and sea level
• Increased rainfall variability
• Increased risk of flooding and water stress
• Pollution and water quality• Negative impacts on the
hydrological cycle will be higher than positive
Projected impact on annual mean flow (2080-2100)
Traditional Flood Management Practices
• Physical separation of rivers from populations and goods
• Capacity enhancement of rivers
• Storage and retention of runoff
• Emergency management
• Flood recovery
Weakness of the traditional approach
• “Case-by-case” and “ad-hoc” approach (local and partial solutions)
• Focused on only part of the basin / river: rather than being mitigated the flood risk in only shifted
• Priority to 'control' rather than 'management‘• Often developed as a result and in terms of a
catastrophic historical event• Reactive rather than proactive• Based mainly on the structural measures• Monodisciplinary
Weakness of the traditional approach
• Ignore the various spatial scales• Does not consider the lessons of the past• Tends to give a false sense of security• Structural measures generally disturbed eco-
system balance;• Impact on the river & users elsewhere,• Non-structural measures: weak coordination,• Poor communication strategies,• Limited or passive participation civil society.
Changing perceptions of floods
Protection
Myth of total control
Limit and hinderance
Opportunity
Threat / act of God
Corte Madera Creek
• 1966: 250 yr return time event, concrete channel
• 1972: preserve the natural characteristics of the watercourse
• 1982: 100 yr return time event
• 1996: 40 yr return time event, minimize the use of concrete, preserve the recreational use
• Maximise the net benefits
New South Wales (1)
• 1810: identification of flood risk zones
• 1867: major flooding, levees and dikes are built
• 1900-1940 few events, attention threshold lowered
• 1955: 500M$ losses
• Planning
• Not only structural measures
New South Wales (2)
• State Emergency Service (1955)• 1972:
– Focus on emergency response– Lack of legal tools for an integrated flood
management– Waek warning practices, lack of emergency
evacuation plans and population awareness
• 1989: – Focus on flood management and early warning – More ‘proactive’, sensitization– Land use planning
Flood protection / Flood management
PAST FUTURE
Founding question
How do we protect us?
Which level of security?
At which costs?
Planning and measures
Specific to one discipline
Interdisciplinary
Management of the resources
Sectoral local
Global approach
Security Now, biased towards certain sectors
Solidarity with future generations
Balanced across a global system
New challenges for flood management
Securing livelihoodsEcosystems protection
and conservation
Population growth Urban sprawl
Climate change and variability
ww
w.aw
itness.org cum
ulus.geol.iastate.edu/
Changes ın decision making process
Total security is a myth
New challenges for flood management
Integrated flood mangementWater Resources Water Resources
ManagementManagement
Integrated Flood ManagementIntegrated Flood Management
Risk Risk ManagementManagement
Coastal Zones Coastal Zones ManagementManagement
Land ManagementLand Management
A precondition: multidisciplinary cooperation
Affected communities
Information exchange /collaboration
Insurance
Specialized services in natural hazards
Land management
services
Emergency and rescue services
Integrated flood managemen:overall objective
Create a community than can protect itself with an optimal set of measures (both short and long term, structural and non structural)
Integrated flood managemen:objectives
• Sustainable development: balancing development needs and flood risks protection
• Maximizing net benefits from floodplains: ensure livelihood security and poverty alleviation thereby addressing vulnerability
• Minimizing loss of life: in particular through end-to-end FF&W systems and preparedness planning for extreme events
• Environmental preservation: ecosystem health & services
Net benefits
Gain
Derived from the activities and use of floodplains (agriculture, urban development, transportation, recreational use, etc.)
Losses
Direct damages and mid to long term impacts on environment and socio-economics
> 0
Net benefits
The “dimensions” of IFM
Law
Law
hydr
olog
y
hydr
olog
ySoc
ial
Socia
l sc
ienc
es
scie
nces
TimeTime
SpaceSpace Scientific Scientific domainsdomains
Basin
National
Local
International
Reconstruction and rehabilitation
Planning
Emergency
Econo
my
Econo
my
Engin
eerin
g
Engin
eerin
ginterdisciplinarity, flexibility, participationinterdisciplinarity, flexibility, participation
Low waters, lean, drought
High watersfloods
The Principles of Integrated Flood Management
• Manage the Water Cycle as a Whole• Integrate Land and Water Management• Manage Risk and Uncertainty• Adopt a Best-Mix of Strategies.• Ensure a Participatory Approach.• Adopt Integrated Hazard Management
Approaches.
Overview of functions in IFM
Flood info/data incl. hydrol. Networks
Flood info/data incl. hydrol. Networks
Ecosystem protection
Ecosystem protection
Design, Operation & Maintenance of flood
defences and drainage system
Design, Operation & Maintenance of flood
defences and drainage system
Land Use Planning Controls, floodplain
zoning
Land Use Planning Controls, floodplain
zoning
Forecasting and Warning
Forecasting and Warning Evacuation &
Relief
Evacuation & Relief
Pollution control
Pollution control
Flood FightingFlood Fighting
Liability for Flood Losses
Liability for Flood Losses
RehabilitationRehabilitation
Assessment of flood losses
Assessment of flood losses
Flood Insurance
Flood Insurance
Flood proofing & building
regulation
Flood proofing & building
regulation
Public/Stakeholder Participation
Public/Stakeholder Participation
After floodAfter flood
During Flood During Flood Before floodBefore flood
Reservoir operationReservoir operation
Flood emergency management
Avoid the exposure of critical activities from flooding and temporarily shift people and such activities • Preparedness: to ensure effective response• Response: to reduce adverse impacts during the
flooding• Recovery: to assist the affected community to
rebuild itself
Flood emergency management
41
Integrated approach
DisasterDisaster
Potential disaster
Potential disaster
Crisis Management
Crisis Management
VulnerabilityVulnerability
InnundationInnundation
Flood Flood
MeteorologyMeteorology
River BasinRiver Basin
River corridor River corridor
Surface water retention afforestation, augmentation of infiltration, ...
Structural protection measures increase discharge capacity, dikes, …
Adapted land use
agriculture, settlements, industrie, infrastructure,…
Emergency response forecast, warning, evacuation, relief, …Source: FOEN
Final considerations
• Policy (and politics) are often reactive rather than proactive
• Av exceptional event is an opportunity to reconsider flood management policies
• Experts should promoted integrated and multidisciplinary approach to flood management