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Photo: Alex Schreyer

Terry Pattillo, AIARegional Director – WoodWorksAIA Convention, NYC June 22, 2018

Framework, Portland, OR, Image: Lever Architecture

The Confluence of Resiliency and Sustainability: Timber's Role in Modern Urbanization

Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.

This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.___________________________________________

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

Course Description

Due to their high strength, dimensional stability and positive environmental performance, mass timber building products are quickly becoming materials of choice for sustainably-minded designers. This presentation will provide an overview of the variety of mass timber products available, including glue-laminated timber (glulam), cross laminated timber (CLT) and nail laminated timber (NLT), with an emphasis on their resilience. Applications for their use in systems such as seismic post-tensioned, self-centering rocking walls; tornado and blast-resistant structures; hurricane and high wind-resisting systems; and fire and life safety elements will be highlighted. The environmental performance of these systems will also be reviewed, utilizing life cycle analysis (LCA) data to compare to other building systems.

Learning Objectives

1. Identify mass timber products available in North America and consider how they can be used under current building codes and standards.

2. Review completed mass timber projects that demonstrate a range of applications and system configurations.3. Discuss benefits of using mass timber products, including structural versatility, prefabrication, lighter carbon

footprint, and reduced labor costs.4. Highlight possibilities for the expanded use and application of mass timber in larger and taller buildings.

Urban Construction GrowthGlobal Population

7.3 billion now9.7 billion by 2050

33% increase

Urban Population6.4 billion by 2050

62% increase Source: United Nations Department

of Economic and Social Affairs

ResiliencySustainability

Fire & Life Safety

Construction TrafficMaterial Stockpiles

NoiseLabor Costs

Labor AvailabilityWeather Risks

Urban Construction Growth

mass timber

Mass timber is a category of framing styles often using small wood members formed into large panelized solid wood construction including CLT, NLT or glulam panels for floor, roof and wall framing

Mass timberWhat is it?

Building frame systems

Post and Beam

Light Frame

Mass Timber

Mass timber productshorizontal framing

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)Nail-Laminated Timber (NLT)

Glue-Laminated Timber (GLT)

Tongue & groove

decking (T&G)

Image source: structurecraft

Structural composite LumberTimber concrete composite

Mass timber productsglulam

Photo Credit: alex schreyer

Mass timber productsglulam

Glulam = a structural composite of lumber and adhesives

• Recognized in IBC 2303.1.3 using ANSI/AITC A 190.1 and ASTM D 3737• Can be used for floor, roof purlins, beams, arches, columns

Mass timber productsGlue-laminated timber (gLT) panels

Photo credit: unalamPhoto credit: Structure Fusion

Lemay america auto musuemPhoto Credit: western wood structures

104’ Span Glulam ArchesGlulam purlins @ 4’ o.c

The Cathedral of Christ The Light, Oakland, CAPhoto: Timothy Hursley, Cesar Rubio, and John Blaustein

Buffalo Harbor Center Rink 1, Buffalo, NYPhoto: Harborcenter.com

Nail Laminated Timber

Photo credit: structurecraft

Mass timber productsNail-laminated timber (NLT) panels

Nail-laminated timber (nlt) =

a structural panel of square-edged dimensional lumber laminations (usually 2x) set on edge and nailed wide face together• Recognized in IBC 2304.8.3 (mechanically

laminated decking)• Nds 15.1.1 provides distribution factors

for concentrated loads• Can be used for floor, roof decking.

Occasionally used for shaft walls

Mass timber productsNail-laminated timber (NLT) panels

Content includes:• Architecture• Fire• Structure• Enclosure• Supply and Fabrication• Construction and Installation• Erection engineeringhttps://www.rethinkwood.com/webform/download-nlt-handbook

Bullitt centerSeattle, wa

Photo Credit: bullitt center

Bullitt centerSeattle, wa

Photo Credit: John Stamets

Nail-Laminated Timber Decks Provide:Maximized Spans, Reduced Number of Columns, More Open Space

Flexibility, Minimized Structure Depth

Mass timber productsCross-laminated timber (cLT)

4 1/8” to 19 1/2”

10’X40’8’X64’

What is clt?Solid wood panel3 layers min. of solid sawn lams90 deg. cross-lamsSimilar to plywood sheathing

Minor Axi

Major Axis

Washington Latin Public Charter School GymWashington, DC

Image Credit: KLH USA

• 11,266 SF Gym addition

• 3-PLY CLT Wall and Roof Panels• 75 ft span glulam roof beams

• Completed 2016

Mass timber productsCross-laminated timber (clt)

In 2015 IBC, CLT is now defined in Chapter 2 Definitions:

And is referenced in Chapter 23:

Mass timber productsCross-laminated timber (clt)

1. Introduction2. Manufacturing3. Structural4. Lateral5. Connections6. DOL and Creep7. Vibration8. Fire9. Sound

10. Enclosure11. Environmental12. Lifting

www.rethinkwood.comPhoto Credit: David Sundberg and Gray Organschi Architecture

Umass design buildingAmherst, ma

Image Credit: Alex Schreyer

completed Spring 2017

Fire resistance

Photo Credit: fp innovations

Mass timber designFire resistance

Source: Aitc

Similar to heavy timber, mass timber products have inherent fire resistance properties

Source: AWC’s TR 10

For Exposed Wood Members: IBC 722.1 References AWC’s NDS Chapter 16 (AWC’s TR 10 is a design aid to NDS Chapter 16)

Many successful clt fire tests have been conducted, both with and without gypsum board protection

Contact WoodWorks for information

TA L L W O O D IN T H E U.S .

» Current Code Limit – 6 stories or 85 feet

» Over 6 Stories - Alternate Means and Methods Request (AMMR)

» But first, tall wood is not something new in the U.S.…

HISTORIC TALL WOOD9 STORIES IN 1906

Butler Brothers Building – 500,000 sf – Minneapolis, MN

MODERN TALL WOOD7 STORIES IN 2016

T3 Office Building – 230,000 sf – Minneapolis, MN

Image: Michael Green Architects/Hines Group

t3 minneapolisMinneapolis, mn

Image Credit: Ema Peter

Carbon 12 – 32,000 sf – Portland, OR

Photos: Baumberger Studio/PATH Architecture/Marcus Kauffman

Framework – 90,000 sf – Portland, OR

Images: Lever Architecture

U.S. BUILDING CODE STATUS

U.S. BUILDING CODESDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGES

Objective: Submission of code changes for the 2018 Group A Cycle (IBC) in January 2018 – changes for 2021 IBC

U.S. BUILDING CODESDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGES

Testing & research aiding ad hoc efforts in development of code change proposals for prescriptive code allowances of tall wood buildings

Mass Timber Fire Testing at ATF Lab Beam to Column Seismic Testing

Mass timber appeal

Primary driversConstruction speed & efficiency

Construction site constraints – urban infillInnovation/aesthetic

Secondary driversCarbon reductions

Structural performance – light weight

1 Floor = 3 Days

17 Floors Erected in 9.5 Weeks

Mass timber appealReduced construction time

Mass timber appealMaterial mass

75% lighter weight than concrete

Mass timber appealPrefabricated and precise

Mass timber elements fabricated to tight tolerances (1/16” is common)

Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC)

connections Photo credit: naturally wood

Mass timber appealMinimal waste

75-95% Waste

Reduction

Mass timber appealEnergy efficient

CLT has an R-value of approximately 1.25 per inch of thickness. Source: US CLT Handbook

Reduced Embodied Carbon

…from one school

Mass timber appealReduced embodied carbon

Mass timber appealDisaster resilient

Usfpl wood tornado shelter

Mass timber appealDisaster resilient

Live blast performance of mass timber

• Base construction requires labor to pass a background check

• Labor rates are prevailing wage• Many military base sites are infill

sites requiring minimum stand off distances

• Growing trend in government owned projects entering privatized agreements for development

•Government/Military Markets

Government Agencies Recognize the Value

Live Blast TestSite Layout

G rade V 1 Structure

G rade E1 Structure

G rade V 4 Structure

(E) 8” Concrete Slab

• Test Plan Overview• Test 1: µ ≈ 1 for Grade V1/V4 structures• Test 2: µ ≈ 1 for Grade E1 structure• Test 3: µ ≈ 2 for Grade E1 structure

• Based on ultimate resistance defined by PRG-320.

Live Blast TestConstruction

Total Construction Time = less than 8 days• Including delays• 2 days to set foundation anchorage.

Blast Testing – Test 3 HD Normal Speed

Blast Testing – Test 3 Cam#1

Conventional Construction Standoff3-Ply CLT – EIFS Cladding (~10 psf)

Wall Type Sections Span

Min. Static

Material Strength

EWIStandoff Distance

EWII StandoffDistance

Reinforced Concrete ≥ 6” 12’ – 20’ 3,000 psi 66 16

Reinforced Masonry 8” – 12” 10’ – 14’ 1,500 psi 86 30

CLT – EIFS 3-ply 10’ – 12’ Grade E1 120 50

CLT – EIFS 3-ply 10’ – 12’ Grade V4 250 95

CLT – EIFS 3-ply 10’ – 12’ Grade V1 250 100

Steel Studs – EIFS600S162-43; 600S162-54;

600S162-688’ – 12’ 50,000 psi 361 151

Conventional Construction Standoff3-Ply CLT – Brick Veneer Cladding (~44 psf)

Wall Type Sections Span

Min. Static

Material Strength

EWIStandoff Distance

EWII StandoffDistance

Reinforced Concrete ≥ 6” 12’ – 20’ 3,000 psi 66 16

CLT – Brick Veneer 3-ply 10’ – 12’ Grade E1 75 25

Reinforced Masonry 8” – 12” 10’ – 14’ 1,500 psi 86 30

CLT – Brick Veneer 3-ply 10’ – 12’ Grade V4 150 45

CLT – Brick Veneer 3-ply 10’ – 12’ Grade V1 155 55

Steel Studs – Brick Veneer

600S162-43; 600S162-54;600S162-68 8’ – 12’ 50,000 psi 187 75

Force Protection – Ballistics

Ballistics Testing – Georgia Tech

• Conducted summer 2016 & 2017 at two Army research facilities

• Investigated a variety of striking velocities

• Gathered data on residual velocity for perforations or depth of penetration

• Examined two different species of wood (SPF-S and SYP)

Target

US Army Engineering Research & Development Center

Army Research Laboratory

• Micro-computerized tomography (CT) scan shows projectile path (non-destructive imagery technique)

• Cut out cross-section of projectile path demonstrates localized damage caused by projectile

• Visible cross-lamination influence

• How much energy is absorbed?

Micro-CT scans of embedded projectile path

Cross-section of complete penetration projectile path

Ballistics Testing – Georgia Tech

Has it been done?

Candlewood suitesRedstone arsenal, al

Image Credit: IHG® Army Hotels, Lendlease

Image Credit: Lend Lease & schaefer

• 62,600 sf, 4 story hotel, 92 private rooms

• CLT utilized for walls, roof panels, and floor panels

• 1,557 CLT Panels; Typical floor panel is 8’x50’ & weighs 8,000 lbs

• Completed Late 2015

Image Credit: Lend Lease & schaefer

37% Compared to typical light gauge steel construction

Photo Credit: tom harris

Questions?This concludes The American

Institute of Architects Continuing

Education Systems Course

Terry Pattillo

Regional Director | DC, DE, MD,

NJ, OH, PA, WV, VA

WoodWorks

terrp@woodworks.org

(919) 995-6672

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