Post on 26-Dec-2015
transcript
The Current Plasticiser Situation in Europe
David Cadogan, ECPI
Phthalates and new plasticisers for PVC ConferenceCopenhagen, Denmark
20 September 2007
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Outline
ECPI
Is there a move away from phthalates – Why?
Are phthalates a threat to human health?
Legislation
The plasticisers of yesterday and today
The plasticisers of today and tomorrow - Alternatives to phthalates
Summary
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ECPI
European Council for Plasticisers and Intermediates
A Sector Group of CEFIC – the European Chemical Industry Council
European producers of plasticisers, alcohols and acids
Sponsorship of scientific studies by independent experts
Provide users, legislators and other interested bodies with information on safety, health and the environment
Close liaison with equivalent organisations in USA and Japan
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Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl CI ClOO
OO
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl CI Cl
PVC plus DEHP
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93% of Plasticisers are Phthalates
Phthalates have :Optimum balance of polar / non-polar groupsBest all round performance / price ratio
C4 - C7 alcohol : Lower viscosity, faster processingC8 – C10 alcohols : General purpose C11-C13 alcohols : High temperature performance>80% linear : Better low / high temperature performance
DEHP
Performance can be fine tuned by using appropriate alcohol
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Is there a move away from phthalates?..... Why?
Yes
There is move away from some phthalates
New plasticisers are being developed
Why?
Concern that some phthalates may be a threat to human health
Increasing legislation limiting the use of some phthalates
Need Speciality Plasticisers to meet changing performance requirements
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Are phthalates a threat to human health?
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Potential Health Impact - Carcinogenicity
1982 – Liver tumours in rodents caused IARC to classify DEHP as “possibly carcinogenic to humans”
18 years of research showed :
Phthalates, drugs used to lower cholesterol levels and some other chemicals cause tumours in rodents by peroxisome proliferation (PP)
No effects in monkeys fed DEHP and DINP
No liver damage in humans taking cholesterol lowering drugs
2000 - IARC Reclassified DEHP - Liver cancer caused by phthalates in rats and mice is not relevant to humans
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Potential Health Impact - Reproductive Effects
High levels of some phthalates produce adverse effects in rodents
Little, if any, effects seen with DMP, DEP, DINP and DIDP
Levels can be defined at which no effects occur (NOAEL)
In general NOAELs are orders of magnitude higher than levels of exposure. Therefore no risk
Studies ongoing to identify the mechanism underlying the reproductive effects in rodents – are they relevant to humans?
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Potential Health Impact - Structure / Activity
Phthalate toxicity to rodents depends on number of carbon atoms in the alcohol backbone
1-3 C (DMP, DEP) Minimal4-6 C (DBP, DEHP) Maximum> 7 C (DINP, DIDP) Minimal
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No evidence of any phthalate having an adverse effect on human health
20 year follow-up study on 242 low birth weight individuals (high DEHP exposure in intensive care) showed no effects on male fertility
Adolescents exposed to DEHP via ECMO as neonates show no adverse effects on growth or sexual maturity
Adverse effects are only seen in rodent studies – not in non-human primates
The only studies claiming to see effects in humans are considered by independent epidemiologists and statisticians:
• To be poorly designed
• To use questionable statistical treatment of data and interpretation of results.
Do Phthalates have Adverse Effects on Humans?
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Legislative Actions and Expert Opinions
Classification and labelling of substances
Existing substances legislation – Risk assessment and management
Indoor Air
Norwegian proposed ban
Toys and childcare articles
Food contact materials
Medical devices
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Classification and Labelling
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Hazard - Classification and Labelling
Category 1 Substances known to cause effects in humans. Based on epidemiological data. Category 2 Substances to be regarded as if they cause effects in humans. Based on clear evidence in animal studies. Category 3 Substances causing concern for humans. Based on less convincing evidence in animal studies.
Classification and labelling does not apply to flexible PVC articles
Aim – To ensure safe handling and use in the workplace
Backbone Fertility
Developmental
DMP 1 None None
DEP 2 None None
DPrP 3 None None
DIBP SCL = 25% 3 Cat 3 Cat 2
DBP 4 Cat 3 Cat 2
DPP 4 - 5 Cat 2 Cat 2BBP 4 - 7 Cat 3 Cat 2DIHP 5 - 6 None Cat 2
DEHP 6 Cat 2 Cat 2
711P (Branched) 5 - 9 Cat 3 Cat 2
DINP 7 - 8 None None
DIDP 8 - 9 None None
79P (Linear) 7 - 9 None None
911P (Linear) 9 - 11 None None
Classification and Labelling
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Existing substances legislationRisk assessment and management
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Risk Assessments published in Official Journal on 13 April 2006
Two versatile high volume phthalates
Finally perceived as being “Risk Free” following revision of legislation for use in toys
For both health and environmental effects
Can be used in all applications except toys and childcare articles “which can be put in the mouth”
Not hazardous - not classified CMR or Dangerous to the Environment
Driving a large shift in consumption to DINP and DIDP
DINP & DIDP Risk Assessments / Risk Reduction
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Anticipate publication in Q4, 2007
Human Health
• Workers inhalation exposure – Waiting for OEL to be identified. It will be enforced across the EU
• Children via toys – New legislation in place
• Haemodialysis in adults and long term transfusion in children / neonates – Awaiting opinion of expert Committee (SCENIHR)
• Theoretical risk to children living near some processing plants – Marketing and Use Directive to control DEHP emissions
DEHP Risk Assessment / Risk Reduction
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Environment
• Emissions to water. No risk to aquatic organisms. Only possible risk is a theoretical one to predators eating fish.
• DEHP is a “Priority Substance” under the Water Framework Directive and so must meet certain Environmental Quality Standards - These EQS stipulate the level allowed in water to manage these theoretical risks.
DEHP Risk Assessment / Risk Reduction
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Phthalates in indoor air - Expert opinion
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SCHER Opinion on Phthalates in Indoor Air
Opinion adopted by the Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) on May 29th 2007
“Based on the lack of mechanistic support and taking into account the low exposure level of phthalates by inhalation, SCHER does not find consistent scientific evidence which indicate that phthalates should be high concern chemicals in indoor air.
The RA report on DEHP (European Union Risk Assessment report, 2007) suggests that the MOSs from exposure in indoor air to reproductive effects, which are the basis for risk characterisation, remain large (over 200 for children, over 1000 for adults).”
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Proposed Norwegian ban on 19 substances
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Proposed Norwegian ban on DEHP in consumer products
Norway is proposing to ban a range of hazardous substances (including DEHP) in consumer products
• “to limit the harmful effects on human health and the environment from consumer products, as well as to limit the content of hazardous substances in waste”.
It would be prohibited to produce, import, export or sell consumer products that contain more than 0.1% DEHP
• Excludes construction materials for outdoor use
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Response by EFTA and EU Commission
The EFTA Surveillance Authority reminds the Norwegian Government that under the Marketing and Use Directive the MS seeking to limit the use of a substance must :
• Provide all the relevant health and environmental impact data on the substance and alternatives
• Conduct an adequate risk assessment
The Commission points out that there is no need to exceed the measures defined by the DEHP RAR and being developed in the risk reduction strategy. Norway is invited to fully participate in the discussions
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Legislative Actions - Toys and childcare articles
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Permanent measures published in the Official Journal on 27 December 2005
DBP, BBP and DEHP restricted (0.1 wt%) in all toys and childcare articles
DINP, DIDP and DNOP restricted (0.1 wt%) in toys and childcare articles which can be put in the mouth
National legislation was enacted from 16 January 2007
Entirely political decision ignoring science based risk assessments
Toys and childcare articles which can be put in the mouth are being produced with alternative plasticisers – citrates, DINCH, etc.
Toys and Childcare Articles
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Food contact materials
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Published in the Official Journal on 31st March 2007:
The amendment of Directive 2002/72 (Plastics materials intended to come into contact with food) and Directive 85/572 (Simulants to be used for migration testing).
Published in the Official Journal on 3rd April 2007:
Commission Regulation laying down transitional migration limits for plasticisers in lid gaskets.
Food Contact Materials
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In practical terms the amendment of Directive 2002/72 will mean:
Repeat Use Applications (tubes, conveyor belts, etc)
BBP, DINP and DIDP – all food types – meet SMLs based on full TDIs
DEHP – only aqueous foods – SML based on 50% TDI
DBP - only aqueous foods – SML based on 50% new TDI - too low
Single Use Applications (cap seals, etc)
BBP, DINP and DIDP – aqueous only – SML based on full TDI
DBP and DEHP may not be used
Food Contact Materials
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Timetable
Manufacturers and importers have 14 months from adoption of the Directive before having to meet the requirements
Therefore DEHP can continue to be used in bottle caps for aqueous foods until April 2008
Additives other than phthalates have until February 2009 to meet the requirements
Transitional migration limits for plasticisers in lid gaskets – Higher migration limits allowed for ESBO, citrates, polymerics, etc for 14 months to allow new formulations to be developed
Food Contact Materials
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Non-phthalates
DINCH included with no SML or application restrictions.
DEHA and polymerics already included
Simulants to represent milk products
Distilled water to be replaced by 50% ethanol. Most likely excludes phthalates from milk tubing, etc.
Conclusions
Biggest impact is on DEHP in bottle caps
Lower impact on other phthalates because already used mainly for non-fatty foods. Increased use of speciality plasticisers in lid gaskets.
Food Contact Materials
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Why use flexible PVC in medical devices?
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Used successfully for more than 40 years
Flexible PVC containing DEHP is approved by European Pharmacopoeia for medical containers and tubes
Excellent biocompatibility and ease of processing
Wide variety of applications with significant benefits
• Steam sterilisation
• Low temperature storage
• Gas permeability
• Withstands centrifugation forces. No kinking
Flexible PVC in Medical Applications - Benefits
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RAR states – Risk / benefit analysis is not taken into account
Conservative NOAEL = 4.8 mg/kg bw/day (oral)Should use NOAEL based on IV studiesRisks to patients (MOS < 100) associated with exposure to DEHP via :• Long term haemodialysis (adults)• Transfusions (neonates)• Long term blood transfusion (children) (Lowest MOS via IV = 800)
There are no risks associated with :• Lifetime exposure to DEHP during infusions• Long term blood transfusion (adults)
DEHP in Medical Applications - Risk Assessment
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Expert opinions on medical devices
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EU Scientific Committee on Medicinal Products and Medical Devices (SCMPMD) September 2002
• Opinion - Risk / benefit analysis is needed and no specific recommendations can be made to limit the use of DEHP or PVC
EU Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR)
• July 2007 – Opinion expected on whether alternatives to PVC and DEHP should be used in certain applications.
UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) conclude that no phase out or substitution of DEHP in medical devices should be considered until the SCENIHR has delivered its opinion.
SCMPMD, SCENIHR and UK MHRA Opinions
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Legislative position on medical devices
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EU Parliament, Council and Commission came to a first reading agreement on 27 February 2007 (Did not wait for SCENIHR Opinion)
DEHP is not banned in medical devices
“Phthalate containing” label must be placed on device or packaging for all medical devices in contact with bodily fluids or medicines, where phthalates classified as CMR are used
Label to be defined by CEN
Medical device manufacturers to justify use of CMR phthalates in applications for children or pregnant women.
Increasing quantities of speciality plasticisers becoming available for certain medical applications
Legislative position
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Plasticiser consumption trends
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Western Europe Plasticiser Consumption
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
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79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
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88
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89
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90
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91
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92
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93
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94
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95
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96
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97
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98
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99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
(‘000s of tons)
Source: ECPI, 2007
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Plasticiser Consumption
Total plasticiser consumption relatively stable
A marked trend to less hazardous phthalates
• DEHP replaced by DINP and DIDP
• DBP being replaced by DIBP and others
• BBP consumption diminishing and being replaced by benzoates
ECPI statistics not very sensitive to changes in non-phthalates usage
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European Plasticiser Consumption - Trends
DEHP20%
Other Phthalates
12%
Other Plasticisers
7%
DINP/DIDP61%
DEHP42%Other
Phthalates15%
Other Plasticisers
8%
DINP/DIDP35%
1999
2006
Source: ECPI, 2007
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Alternatives to phthalates
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Adipates
Confer good flexibility at low temperatures
Low plastisol viscosity
Approved for use in food contact applications
Relatively volatile
Limited compatibility with PVC
Rapid migration
Higher adipates usually regarded as 'secondary' plasticisers
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Polyesters (Polymeric plasticisers)
Most commonly based on propyleneglycol and adipic acid
Used only where high resistance to migration (into oils, solvents, adhesives etc.) is a requirement. Hence used in some medical applications
Approved for use in materials in contact with food
Polyesters have very high viscosity which can make processing difficult
Confer poor low temperature flexibility
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Trimellitates
Low volatility in high temperature cable compounds
Non-fogging automotive interior trim
Generally good balance of properties
Low migration hence some use in medical applications
Limited supply of trimellitic anhydride and its precursor pseudocumene
O
O
O
O
O
O
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Citrates
Low tonnage products
The most important is acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC
Has a variety of food contact approvals and is used in PVdC film
Process costs for citrate manufacture are relatively high
Used in limited medical applications but some adverse human reactions
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Benzoates
Main commercial product is dipropyleneglycol dibenzoate
Competes with butyl benzyl phthalate
Speciality fast fusing stain-resistant plasticiser in vinyl flooring
Poor flexibility at low temperatures and relatively high volatility prevent general purpose use
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Alkyl sulphonate esters
Used in some applications where their chemical stability (resistance to hydrolysis) is beneficial
Generally good all-round technical performance
Good PVC fusion characteristics
Single source
Large scale expansion in production likely to be feedstock constrained
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Di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHT)
Based on terephthalic acid (para) rather than phthalic anhydride (ortho)
Metabolised differently in rats
2-generation reproduction study in rats – much lower potency than DEHP. Similar to higher phthalates, eg DINP
Plasticising performance similar to DEHP
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Epoxidised oils and esters
Produced by epoxidising unsaturation in soya bean and linseed oils (esters of glycerol with C18 acids)
Also based on esters of synthetic alcohols and C18 acids
Have a dual function as co-stabilisers and plasticisers
Low compatibility with PVC hence only suitable as secondary plasticisers
Good toxicological profile – used at low levels in food contact materials
Stabilising action is to bind HCL by opening the oxirane ring. Unfortunately this leads to formation of epichlorohydrin
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Acetylated glycerol ester
Danisco – Grinsted Soft-n-Safe. Capacity increased from 5 to 10 ktpa
Acetylated castor oil
Plasticiser performance similar to DEHP
No adverse efects in tests conducted to date. Reproductive effects ?
O CH2C C
10H
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O
HC
H2C
O C CH3
O
O C CH3
O
CH C6H
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O C CH3
O
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DINCH
Di-IsoNonylCycloHexanedicarboxylate
Comprehensive toxicological studies
No adverse health or environmental effects have been found
Performance similar to phthalates
Undergoing trials in medical and other applications
BASF capacity - 25 ktpa since 2002. Increased to 100 ktpa in May 2007
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Diesters of isosorbide
Hydrolyse starch to glucose. Hydrogenate glucose to sorbitol
Isosorbide prepared by dehydration of sorbitol
Raw materials cheap and abundant but slow process and variable colour
Linear esters of isosorbide - similar plasticising performance to phthalates
Similar substances used in food and pharmaceuticals but this does not guarantee lack of toxicity
HOOH
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
OO
O RR
O
O
+ 4 H2O+ 2 HO
OR
catalyst
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Classification, labelling and risk assessments are resulting in a move to DINP and DIDP and a decrease in DEHP, DBP and BBP consumption
Health effects are not seen in primates - only in rodent studies
It is unlikely that phthalates really are a threat to human health.
Legislative changes and concerns regarding toys, food contact and medical devices will cause a move to speciality plasticisers that are lower migrating or have lower animal toxicity.
The shift to less hazardous phthalates and the development of new speciality plasticisers means that there is still a very strong future for flexible PVC
Plasticisers – The Way Forward