Post on 15-Feb-2016
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The Early
Middle Ages 7.1 Western Europe after the collapse of the
Roman Empire Germanic tribes carve up Europe into
small kingdoms Charlemagne unites much of Western
Europe for a brief period
500-1000 (Medieval Period)Europe fell into political,
social and economic decline Politically divided, rural and largely cut off from advanced
civilizations Towns are emptied, waves of invaders, classical learning
ceases and trade slows to a trickle The Dark Ages of the Medieval Period (Latin for “middle age”) Greco-Roman, Germanic and Christendom traditions slowly
blend
Western Europe in Decline
486, Clovis, king of the Franks, conquers Gaul
and creates the Merovingian Dynasty Rules lands according to Frankish customs but
retains much of Roman legacy Converts to his wife’s religion (Clothilda was a
Christian) after defeating an enemy in battle Gains powerful ally in the pope
Leaders of Church and Christian lands fear Muslim empire’s growth into Spain
Rise of the Germanic Kingdoms
Charles Martel rallied warriors to
defeat Muslims at the Battle of Tours, 732, halting Islamic advance into Europe Sign that God is on their side Learns value of mounted warriors on
horseback (cavalry is born, ergo birth of Chivalry)
768, Charlemagne becomes king of the Franks and unites much of WesternEurope ( 768-814 CE )
Rise of the Germanic Kingdoms
Christmas Day, 800 CE, Pope Leo III
crowns Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor
Significant b/c Christian pope crowned Germanic king successor to Roman Emperors
Revived Christian community which came to be called Christendom
Charlemagne helped spread Christianity to conquered peoples and appointspowerful nobles to rule local regions
Rise of the Germanic Kingdoms
Sends out missi dominici to check on roads,
listen to grievances and see justice done Charlemagne uses education to unify kingdom
Revives Latin learning and encourages creation of local schools
Builds his court at Aachen and revives glory of Rome
Rise of the Germanic Kingdoms
After Charles’s death in 814 CE, his son Louis I
took over followed by Charlemagne’s grandsons
Treaty of Verdun, 843 CE, separates the Frankish Kingdom into 3 regions
Charlemagne’s Legacy Extended Christendom Set up strong, efficient governments
New Waves of Invasions ( map )
Europe After Charlemagne
Feudalism and the Manor Economy
7.2*How did feudalism shape medieval society?*Describe the life of knights and nobles*How did the economic system of the manor work and affect peasants and nobles?
The Feudal Pyramid
KingNoble
Knights
Peasants
Serfs
Lord
Land and Protection
(fiefs)
Vassal
Loyalty and
service
Invasions from Vikings, Muslims and Magyars
forced people to seek protection Medieval society was a network of mutual
obligations Powerful local lords divided their landholdings
among lesser lords or vassals in return for loyalty and service
Feudalism
• Many people were both lord and vassal at the same time
• Many lords held multiple fiefs from various lords which made relationships complex at times
• Lord’s manors were meant to be self sufficient
• Only the lords children received a basic educated
• Peasants worked the land and also had to pay taxes in the form of products
• Serfs could only be free if they ran away the manor for a year and a day
Noble women played active roles
Became “lady of the manor” when husbands went off Some went to war to defend their lands Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204) had a hand in French
politics Inheritance was most times passed
down through oldest son Some noblewomen had land as their dowries Some were sent off to convents
Most were expected to run the manorial house
Cooking, cleaning, teaching children
Women’s Roles
The Medieval Church 7.3
*How the church shaped Medieval life*Monastic life and the influence of monks and nuns*How the power of the church grew during the Middle Ages *Describe the situation of Jews in Medieval Europe*The difference in the church’s architectural styles
At the center of every town and manor was
the church Priests celebrate the 7 sacraments and have
the most contact with the local population People believe that the sacraments will lead to
salvation Most peasants are illiterate so priests interpret
the Bible and teach through images Local priests guide on moral issues, feed the
needy and help the sick as well as run schools
Church dominates Life
Church Architecture
Romanesque churches
Small thick/heavy walls
Little windows Uses domes, arches
and vaults
Gothic Cathedrals Tall ceilings that
point to heaven/ shape of a cross
Stained glass windows
Flying buttresses
Benedictine Rule
Took 3 vows – obedience, poverty & chastity Worked in the fields
Developed new farming methods which helped improve the economy in the long run
Studied and served the poor Set up schools for learning, copied manuscripts from
Greco-Roman times . . . Kept learning/Latin alive Looked after poor and sick and set up lodging for
pilgrims
Monastic Life
Medieval popes claimed papal supremacy over secular
rulers Most clergy were highly educated and acted as advisors
to kings Noblemen usually wound up as high clergy Many had their own lands that were
added to the church’s land Power of Excommunication
And Interdiction Truce of God where clergy tried to force nobles into peace
Growth of the Church
PopeCardinals
Bishops
ArchbishopsClergy – priests, monks, nuns
and lay people
Economic Recovery
Sparks Change 7.4 New Technologies spark agricultural revolution Revival of trade revolutionized commerce and
led to growth of towns Rise of Middle Class and role of the guilds Life in Medieval Towns and Cities