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The Great WarThe Great War
World War I &World War I &Its AftermathIts Aftermath
1914-19301914-1930
The Great WarThe Great War
World War I &World War I &Its AftermathIts Aftermath
1914-19301914-1930
“MAIN” Causes of WWI“MAIN” Causes of WWIMMilitarismilitarism - competition in - competition in building the biggest, most building the biggest, most aggressive militaryaggressive military
AAllianceslliances - complex network of - complex network of “backup” between European nations “backup” between European nations if one went to warif one went to war
IImperialismmperialism - competition between - competition between European empires for resources, European empires for resources, markets & colonies in Africa & markets & colonies in Africa & AsiaAsia
NNationalismationalism - rivalry between - rivalry between European nations; also certain European nations; also certain ethnic groups want to unite & ethnic groups want to unite & establish their own nationsestablish their own nations
MilitarismMilitarism
Increase in Defense Spending(1910-1914)
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany 73%
Did the emperor of Germany, Kaiser Wilhelm II, encourage the start of World War as a way to increase
Germany’s power and dominate Europe and the world?
AlliancesAllied Powers
BritainKing George V
FrancePresident Poincare
RussiaCzar Nicholas II
ItalyKing Emmanuel III
AlliancesCentral Powers
GermanyKaiser Wilhelm II
Austria-HungaryEmperor Franz Josef
Ottoman EmpireEnver Pasha
(Prime Minister of War)
ImperialismImperialism
Central Powers (orange), particularly Germany, want more colonies and power overseas in Africa
and Asia.
At the time, most of the world is dominated by the Allied Powers (dark green).
NationalismNationalism
European nations focus on their country’s self-interests and fight to increase power.
Ethnic groups begin to fight the powerful empires to establish their own nations.
Nationalism in the Balkans 1914
Nationalism in the Balkans 1914 The
“Powder Keg”of Europe:
Various groups want their own nations, but live mixed up
together.
Bosnians, Slovaks & Czechs in the
Austro-Hungarian empire want their
own nations.
Poles want to reclaim their homeland from
Germany, Austria-Hungary & Russia.
The“Powder Keg”of Europe:
Various groups want their own nations, but live mixed up
together.
Bosnians, Slovaks & Czechs in the
Austro-Hungarian empire want their
own nations.
Poles want to reclaim their homeland from
Germany, Austria-Hungary & Russia.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
Assassinated on June 28, 1914 by Serbian radicals who believed that Bosnia belonged to Serbia rather than Austria-Hungary.
Austria-Hungary accuses Serbia of plotting the assassination and threatens to go to war.The most direct, or
immediate, cause of World War I
America:America:
From From Neutrality Neutrality
to to InvolvemenInvolvemen
tt
America:America:
From From Neutrality Neutrality
to to InvolvemenInvolvemen
tt
The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan
The German army bulldozes through neutral Belgium to attack France
and threaten Britain across the waters.
Atrocities committed against
the neutral country cause
many Americans to see Germany as an aggressor nation that should be
stopped.
Isolationism
Although Germans seem aggressive, many Americans want to stay isolated from the war in Europe.
Peace activists work to keep America neutral.
Immigrant families have ties to both sides in Europe.
Wilson’s 1916 slogan: “He kept us out of war!”
Jeanette RankinFirst CongresswomanVoted against war
Americans Want NeutralityUnder the leadership of Woodrow Wilson, most Americans want to stay out of the fighting in Europe.
Let Europe solve its own problems.
Businesses do not want to upset trade and investments around the world.
Supplying materials to both the Allied and Central Powers created a boost for the US economy.
Neutrality Becomes Difficult
Britain blocks US ships to Germany and confiscates materials onboard as contraband. Owners of the goods onboard lose money.
Germany uses new U-boats to blow up US ships headed to Britain. Lives and money are lost.
The loss of lives adds to the public opinion that murderous Germany is responsible for the war.
U-boat hits before April 1917
U-boat hits after April 1917
The Sinking of the LusitaniaThe Sinking
of the Lusitania
A British cruise liner carrying war materials and American passengers is
torpedoed by the Germans. Twelve hundred people die, including 128 Americans.
From Isolationism to Involvement
1. US bankers loan more money to Britain and France
2. US government increases military spending & practices a policy of “prepardness”
3. Germans engage in unrestricted submarine warfare
4. Zimmermann telegram is intercepted, sparking outrage across America
America Goes to War
IMPORTANT: Why did America join the fighting in World War I?
Although the Zimmermann note gave the President and Congress the public support to declare war, the REASON for the US to go to war was to protect its trade and shipping rights on the high seas. Germany’s use of unrestricted submarine warfare was taking lives and interfering with the American economy.
Wilson makes an idealistic case for war: the US should “Make the world safe for democracy”
Congress passes the Selective Service Act to draft soldiers into the army
Wilson chooses General John J. Pershing to train and lead the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
Posters:Posters:
WartimeWartimePropagandPropagand
aa
Posters:Posters:
WartimeWartimePropagandPropagand
aa
The Western The Western Front:Front:
America Joins America Joins the Warthe War
The Western The Western Front:Front:
America Joins America Joins the Warthe War
Revolution Changes the Game
In March of 1917, the Russian Revolution overthrew the czar and established a republic.
By November, the communist Bolshevik party took over the government and signed a peace treaty with Germany to end the fighting on the Eastern Front.
German forces were now freed up to fight the war-weary Allied Forces on the Western Front.
Bolshevik leaderVladimir Lenin
Revolution Changes the Game
German forces leave Russia and head to the Western Front, where worn-out British and
French soldiers are starting to give up hope.
Trench WarfareNew military technology: machine guns, hand grenades, mustard gas, flame throwers
Both sides dug into miles of trenches on the Western Front between France and Germany.
Soldiers lived under constant fire for years in the wet, dirty, rat-infested trenches with a “no man’s land” between the two sides.
Heavy losses continued as the stalemate dragged on.
Trench Design
The AirplaneThe Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
U. S. Aircraft PlantU. S. Aircraft Plant
Women began working in factories to produce supplies. After the war, they would push harder
for the right to vote.
The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin
Originally designed as a bomber, the zeppelin proved to be too slow and flammable to do much
damage.
World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
With nine million dead and over thirty-six million casualties, many will ask the
question, “What was it all for?”
The Somme American Cemetary, France
The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died in 116,516 Americans Died in WWIWWI
116,516 Americans Died in 116,516 Americans Died in WWIWWI
1918 Flu Pandemic1918 Flu Pandemic
20,000,000 – 20,000,000 – 100,000,000 died?100,000,000 died?
20,000,000 – 20,000,000 – 100,000,000 died?100,000,000 died?
Effects of the War Deaths
– 9,000,000 military– 7,000,000 civilian– 50,000,000 flu epidemic
Destruction– Railroads, farmlands and factories were destroyed across Europe
– Economies crumbled and food was scarce Worldviews
– Loss of innocence: What was the point? How did progress and technology produce such horrible results?
Power Structure– US alone as an international superpower
PeacePeaceConferenceConference
::
The The TreatyTreaty
PeacePeaceConferenceConference
::
The The TreatyTreaty
“The Big Four”
Leaders of the Allied Powers meet at the Palace of Versailles in France to negotiate the terms of a peace agreement with Germany
and Austria-Hungary.
“The Big Four”What do they want?
War Guilt Clause - The treaty should say that Germany is responsible for starting the war
Reparations - Germany should have to pay billions in damages
Security - Germany should have to disarm its military and set up a demilitarized zone on its border with France
Borders - Land divided up to weaken Germany and dissolve Austria-Hungary
Georges ClemenceauFrance
David Lloyd GeorgeBritain
“The Big Four”
Vittorio OrlandoItaly
What did they want?
The least powerful of the “Big Four” Allied Powers, Italy joined the peace negotiations to get back land that had been taken by Austria-Hungary.
Italy felt humiliated about being ignored at
Versailles, and this would contribute to resentment
leading up to WWII.
“The Big Four”
Woodrow WilsonUS
What did they want?
Fourteen Points1. Open diplomacy - no secret
deals between nations to help each other take over the world
2. Freedom of the seas in peace & war
3. Reduce arms & militaries4. Self-determination - ethnic
groups that want independence should have their own nations
5. Nations should cooperate & respect each other’s territory
6. League of Nations - a place to settle disputes without going to war
Wilson’s Idealism RejectedThe League of Nations was the only one of Wilson’s Fourteen Points to make it into the Treaty of Versailles. Britain and France could not go home to their publics with an idealistic treaty that let Germany off the hook.
Ironically, the US did not join the League of Nations. Senators such as Henry Cabot Lodge felt that it would bind the US into alliances and drag it into another war.
Isolationism returned in a big way among the American public. The Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and join the League of Nations.
International CooperationAlthough the US did not want to become involved in
international affairs after World War I, the nation did engage in two important agreements:
1. A US banker named Charles G. Dawes came up with the Dawes Plan to loan money to Germany so it could maintain its payments to Britain and France. This would help keep Europe stable and allow Britain and France to continue to buy products from the US.
2. At the Washington Naval Conference, the US, Britain, and Japan agreed to keep their navies from becoming too threatening.
Effects of Effects of War:War:
American American SocietySociety
Effects of Effects of War:War:
American American SocietySociety
Federal Power Increases
Wilson established the War Industries Board, led by Bernard Baruch, to control the national economy and make sure enough supplies were produced.
Wilson appointed Herbert Hoover to head the Food Administration to conserve food for the soldiers. Americans participated in “Meatless Mondays” and “Wheatless Wednesdays” and grew “Victory Gardens.”
George Creel, head of the Committee on Public Information, used all types of propaganda to encourage public support for the war - movies, posters, parades, songs.
Congress passed the Espionage and Sedition Acts to make it illegal to speak out against the government or interfere with the draft.
The “Red Scare”
The success of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution scared many Americans, who feared that revolution would spread to the US.
As workers began to
strike again after the war, some Americans
became convinced that unions were
being encouraged by
the Communists.
The “Red Scare”Socialist Party leader Eugene V. Debs - previously a candidate for president - was sentenced to ten years in prison for criticizing the government’s war efforts.
From jail, Debs ran for president again in 1920, gaining almost one million votes.
In Schenck v. US (1919) the Supreme Court ruled that the government could silence free speech when there is a “clear and present danger” involved.
The “Red Scare”
US Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer authorized the Palmer Raids to round up suspected communists and “subversives.”
Over 500 immigrants were deported.
The “Red Scare”
Sacco and Vanzetti were two Italian immigrants believed to be anarchists. Although the evidence was questionable, the two men were convicted of murder and executed.
Were Sacco and Vanzetti convicted based on political or ethnic
prejudice?
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
The fear of immigrants spreading communism and anarchy led to one of the nation’s most controversial trials.