Post on 26-Apr-2018
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The Human BodyChapter 4 Page 92
The Planes of the Body: page 92
• Anterior
• Posterior
• Midline
• Midclavicular line
• Midaxillary
Directional terms: page 93
Right
Left
Superior
Inferior
Lateral
Medial
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
Deep
Ventral
Dorsal
Palmar
Plantar
Bilateral
Quadrants
Movement terms: page 94
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Anatomic positions: page 95
• Prone
• Supine
• Trendelenberg (shock)
• Fowlers
The Skeletal System: page 96
• Gives form to the body
• Protects vital organs
• Consists of 206 bones
• Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles
• Designed to permit motion of the body
The Skull: Cranium
Foramen magnum
Occiput
Tempral regions
Parietal regions
Frontal region
Scalp
Maxilla
Zygomas
Mandible
Orbit
Pinna
Mastoid process
Temporomandibular joint
The Neck: Trachea
Adams apple
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Cricothyroid membrain
Sternomastoid muscle
Sternum
Atlas
axes
The Spinal Column: page 99
atlas
axes
vertebre
cervical spine
thorasic spine
lumbar spine
sacrum
coccyx
spinal cord
The Thorax: page 100
thorax
clavicle
scapula
thoracic cage
mandubrium
xyphoid process
angle of Louis
costal arch
floating ribs
diaphragm
lumbar vertebrae
The Abdomen: page 102
• The abdomen is the second major body cavity
• It contains the major organs of digestion and excretion
• Retroperitoneal
• Pubic symphysis
• Anterior superior iliac spines
• Inguinal ligament
The Pelvis: page 104
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Acetabulum
Iliac crest
The Lower Extremity: Page 105
Greater trochanter
Femur
Femoral head
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Malleolus
Tarsal
Calcanus
Achellies tendon
Meta tarsal
phalanges
The Upper Extremity:
• Shoulder girdle
• Clavicle
• Scapula
• Humorous
• Sternoclavicular joint
• Acromioclavicular joint
• Arm
• Humerus
• Bicep
• Tricep
• Forearm
• Ulna
• Radius
• Olecronon process
• Styloid process
• Wrist/hand
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Carpometacarpal joint
• phalanges
Joints: Page 108
joint
joint capsule
ligaments
ball and socket
hinge
Functions of the Musculoskeletal System: page 109
• Gives the body shape
• Protects internal organs
• Provides for movement
• Consists of more than 600 muscles
Types of Muscle:
• Skeletal (voluntary) muscle - Attached to the bones of the body
• Smooth (involuntary) muscle- Carries out the automatic muscular functions of the body
• Cardiac muscle
– Involuntary muscle
– Has own blood supply and electrical system
– Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods
The Respiratory System: page 112
Respiratory system Nasopharnyx Oropharnyx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea Bronchi Carina Bronchilies Alveoli Diaphragm
Diaphragm:
• Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles
• Dome-shaped muscle
• Divides thorax from abdomen
• Contracts during inhalation
• Relaxes during exhalation
Breathing Process: Inhalation:
• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity
• Pressure in the lungs decreases
• Air travels to the lungs
Breathing Process: Exhalation:
• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
• As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease
• Pressure in the lungs increases
• Air flows out of the lungs
Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide:
• Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration.
• Oxygen diffuses into the blood.
• The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen.
Control of Breathing:
• Brain stem controls breathing.
– Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high
• Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.”
– Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing
Normal Breathing Characteristics:
• Normal rate and depth
• Regular rhythm
• Good breath sounds in both lungs
• Regular rise and fall movements in the chest
• Easy, not labored
Normal Breathing Rates:
• Adults- 12 to 20 breaths/min
• Children- 15 to 30 breaths/min
• Infants-25 to 50 breaths/min
Recognizing Inadequate Breathing:
• Irregular rhythm
• Labored breathing
• Muscle retractions
• Pale or blue skin
• Cool, clammy skin
• Faster respiratory rate
• Hypoxic drive
Infant and Child Anatomy:
• Structures less rigid
• Airway smaller
• Tongue proportionally larger
• Dependent on diaphragm for breathing
The Circulatory System: page 118 Heart
Myocardium
Veins
veneuls
Arteries
arteriols
Capalaries
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
The Heart: Atrium
Ventricle
Blood Flow Through the Heart:
Electrical Conduction System:
• SA node
• AV node
• Purkinje fibers
Normal Heart Rates:
Adults- 60 to 100 beats/min Children- 70 to 150 beats/min Infants- 100 to 160 beats/min
Major Arteries and Veins:
• Aorta
• Pulmonary
• Carotid
• Femoral
• Brachial
• Radial
• Superior vena cava
• Inferior vena cava
• Pulmonary
Components of Blood: page 123
• Plasma
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets
Physiology of the Circulatory System:
• Pulse
– The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contracts
– Can be felt where an artery passes near the skin surface and over a bone
• Blood pressure
– Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries
– Systole: Left ventricle contracts
– Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes
• Perfusion
– Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue
– If inadequate, the patient goes into shock
The Nervous System:
• The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions.
• Somatic nervous system
– Regulates voluntary actions
• Autonomic nervous system
– Controls involuntary body functions
Central Nervous System: page 126
Peripheral Nervous System:
• Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system
• Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system
• Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
The Skin: page 129
• Protects the body from the environment
• Regulates body temperature
• Transmits information from environment to the brain
• Hair follicles
• Subcutaneous tissue
• Mucous membrane
• Mucous
Endocrine System: page 130
• Complex message and control system
• Made up of seven glands
• Glands produce and release hormones
Endocrine Glands:
• Adrenal
• Ovary
• Pancreas
• Parathyroid
• Pituitary
• Testes
• Thyroid
Digestive System:
• Mouth
• Salivary glands
• Oropharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Pancreas
• Liver
• Bile ducts
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Appendix
• Rectum
Urinary System:
Male Reproductive System:
Female Reproductive System: