The Industrial Revolution

AP World History

What factors caused the Industrial Revolution to begin

in England?

Discussion Question

Causes of the Industrial Revolution Favorable natural resources Agricultural Revolution

Population Pressure Growth of large manufacturing sector

Cottage industry (putting-out system) Huge advantages in world trade

Provide necessary capital? Technological developments Government support of business

Favorable Natural Resources Coal

Production 1750—2.5 million tons 1828—15 million tons

Technology Originally relied upon muscle power Later helped by animal power and carts on rail Use of gunpowder

Iron Coke replaced charcoal for smelting iron Better methods for smelting iron

Coal Mining in Britain1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners

1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners

1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

Agricultural Revolution New techniques &

practices Enclosure movement- Crop rotation Use of horses

New technologies Farmers treat farming

as science Jethro Tull’s seed drill Metal farm implements

Great Britain’s Population Growth 1500-1850

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1500 CE 1600 CE 1700 CE 1820 CE 1850 CE

Growth of Manufacturing Cottage Industry (Putting-out System)

Manufacturing of textiles occurred in the home Part-time or full-time work done by families

Women and children helped with production Merchants distributed raw materials to

spinners and weavers Constant shortages of thread led to new

ways of spinning cotton

Technological Advancements Textile Industry

Spinning Jenny—1770 1 worker could run 8

spindles instead of 1 Water Frame—1779

Machine for spinning using water power

Spinning Mule—1779 Combined spinning

jenny & water frame Rise of factory system

Power Loom—1785 Not widely adopted

until 1850 Led to riots by hand

weavers

Other Inventions Steam Engine—1763

James Watt made steam engines practical for running machinery

Cotton Gin—1793 Eli Whitney’s invention

increased the available supply of cotton

Steamboat—1807 Robert Fulton

Locomotive—1814 George Stephenson

Clockwise from top left: the spinning jenny, the water frame, the spinning mule, and the power loom

Clockwise from top left: the factory system, Watt’s steam engine, and Stephenson’s locomotive

Government Supports Business England’s Economic Advantages

A central bank Well-developed credit market Government encouraged technological change

and free markets Supported capitalism

Labor surplus Builds railroads, canals, and better roads

What were the positive and negative effects of early

industrialization?

Discussion Question

Factory System

1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

Textile Factory Workers in England

Textile Factory Workers

Increasing Wealth

Urbanization Effects related to

urbanization Urban overcrowding

Poor housing & sanitation

Rising crime rates Suburbanization Government functions

shift Sewer systems Housing regulations Police forces

Industrial Manchester

Industrial Staffordshire

Coalbrookdale by Night

Problem of Pollution

The Silent Highwayman – 1858 Father Thames Introduces His Offspring (Diphtheria, Scrofula, and Cholera) to the Fair City of London

The New Industrial City

Above: Early 19th century London by Gustave Dore

Changing Labor Conditions Women & children are

majority of laborers by 1816 Paid less Many lived in factory dorms

Work became unpleasant Workers separated from family Punctuality & efficiency

stressed Poor working hours & wages,

unemployment, & frequent accidents

Labor riots were common Luddites

Changing Family Values Women withdrew from formal jobs

New roles in caring for children Moral status improved

Education stressed by middle class families

Children seen as a source of emotional satisfaction

Cultural Changes Rise of Mass Leisure Culture

Widespread advertising creates consumer fads (bicycle)

Newspapers become popular Radio and motion pictures Organized sports: baseball, soccer, boxing,

horse racing Family vacations for the wealthy and middle

class

Adjustments to Industrial Life Demographic Transition

Declining birth rates Declining death rates for children Family size decreases

Life expectancy increased Discovery of germs by Louis Pasteur Women began to outlive men Widespread use of vaccines by the 1880s

Spread of Industrialization by 1850

2nd Industrial Revolution Scientific advances applied to industry

Major advances in physics and chemistry Led by the U.S. and Germany Thomas Edison introduced electric lighting

to New York City in 1882 General Electric and Westinghouse become the

first multinational corporations New business structures: corporations,

trusts, and cartels

2nd Industrial Revolution Advances in communications

Needed by business managers to control their many branches

Telegraph (1844) & telephone (1876) Methods of Mass Production

Electric power replaces steam power Henry Ford introduces the assembly line (1913)

New waves of immigration Global industrialization: Russia, Canada,

Mexico, and Japan

New York City, 1910

Responses to Industrialization Changes in government functions

The “Constitutional Question” settled by 1850 The “Social Question”

Beginning of the welfare state Social insurance (worker’s compensation,

unemployment, etc.) Symbolized extension of government

Corresponds with the democratization of the political system

Reform Movements Political Reform

Movements Utilitarianism Socialism Communism

The Communist Manifesto (1848)

New Political Parties Socialists Communists

Methodist Church

Karl Marx

Labor Reform Labor unions

Unions use collective bargaining and strikes to push for reforms

Britain attempted to outlaw labor unions Reform laws

Combination Acts of 1825 – Legalizes labor unions

Factory Act of 1833 – Child Labor Mines Act of 1842 – Women and children

cannot work underground

Democratic Reforms Great Britain

Reform Bill of 1832 Chartist Movement Working class suffrage in

1867 Rural laborers in 1884

United States In 1800 property was

requirement to vote All white males could vote

by mid-1850s 15th Amendment (1870)

Feminist Movements Goals

Sought legal and economic rights

Women’s suffrage Leadership

Middle class women Emmeline Pankhurst Elizabeth Cady Stanton

& Susan B. Anthony English women gain

the right to vote 1918 U.S. in 1920 with the

19th amendment