2009 AAAS Annual Meeting, Chicago 152009 AAAS Annual Meeting, Chicago 15thth February 2009February 2009

The Large Hadron Collider The Large Hadron Collider Lyn EvansLyn Evans

CERN in NumbersCERN in Numbers

Member States: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

Observers to Council: India, Israel, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United States of America, Turkey, the European Commission and Unesco 2Lyn Evans – EDMS 985123

2415 staff*730 Fellows and Associates*

9133 users*Budget (2007) 982 MCHF

(610M Euro)*5 February 2008

CERN UsersCERN Users

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The LHC ringThe LHC ring

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History/energy line vs discoveryHistory/energy line vs discovery

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CrossCross--section of LHC cryodipolesection of LHC cryodipole

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If the LHC did not use If the LHC did not use superconductivitysuperconductivity……

The LHC has a circumference of 26,7 km, with 20km filled with superconducting magnets operating at 8.3 T. The refrigeratorsproducing the liquid helium to cool the magnets consume 40 MW of power.

An equivalent machine with classicalelectromagnets would have a circumferenceof 100 km and would consume 1000 MW of power.

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……at the physics laboratory of at the physics laboratory of Leyden, helium was first liquifiedLeyden, helium was first liquified

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

“Door meten tot weten”To knowledge through

measurement Lyn Evans – EDMS 985123 8

Discovery of superconductivity Discovery of superconductivity (1911)(1911)

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7000 km of superconducting 7000 km of superconducting cable Nbcable Nb--TiTi

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Production of superconducting Production of superconducting wires & cableswires & cables

1

10

100

1000

10000

1 10

T [K]

P [k

Pa]

SOLID

HeII HeI

CRITICAL POINT

GAS

l line

Saturated He II

Pressurized He II

Phase diagram of heliumPhase diagram of helium

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Discovery of superfluidity in Discovery of superfluidity in He II (1938)He II (1938)

J.F. Allen & A.D. Misener (Cambridge)P.L. Kapitsa (Moscow)

Vaporization of liquid helium

He I (T=2.4 K) He II (T=2.1 K)13Lyn Evans – EDMS 985123

Hint of a quantum effectHint of a quantum effect……??

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1

10

100

1000

10000

1 10

T [K]

P [k

Pa]

SOLID

HeII HeI

CRITICAL POINT

GAS

l line

Saturated He II

Pressurized He II

Phase diagram of heliumPhase diagram of helium

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Linear heat exchangerLinear heat exchanger

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Dipole dipole interconnectDipole dipole interconnect

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Manufacturing of Manufacturing of superconducting coilssuperconducting coils

Industrial manufacturing of Industrial manufacturing of magnetsmagnets

ALSTOM, NOELL, ANSALDO

Magnet cryostating at CERNMagnet cryostating at CERN

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Cryogenic test benchesCryogenic test benches

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Magnet descent into the Magnet descent into the tunneltunnel

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Transport in Transport in the tunnel the tunnel with an optical with an optical guided vehicleguided vehicle

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Transfer on jacksTransfer on jacks

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Electrical spliceElectrical splice

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Electrical quality assurance in Electrical quality assurance in the tunnelthe tunnel

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23 km of superconducting 23 km of superconducting magnetsmagnets

28 LUCIO ROSSI –MT20

Inner triplet magnetsInner triplet magnets

A global projectA global project

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LHC current leads use highLHC current leads use high--temperature superconductortemperature superconductor

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13 kA current leads using HTS 13 kA current leads using HTS superconductorsuperconductor

BSCCO 2223 tapes

Nb-Ti wires

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The LHC and its detectorsThe LHC and its detectors

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Aerial view of Point 5 GalloAerial view of Point 5 Gallo--roman vestiges roman vestiges (1998)(1998)

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Roman coins found during aRoman coins found during archeological rcheological excavations at Point 5 excavations at Point 5

Bringing Nations TogetherBringing Nations Together

“…“…the promotion of contacts the promotion of contacts between, and between, and

the interchange of, scientiststhe interchange of, scientists…”…”

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The sole end of science is the honor of the human mind

Carl Gustav Jacobi

The greatest economic benefits of scientific researchhave always resulted from advances in fundamentalknowledge rather than the search for specificapplications

Margaret Thatcher

Reconciling different views on Reconciling different views on basic sciencebasic science

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