CHAPTERS 15 & 16

BOURBON TRIUMVIRATE; HENRY GRADY; TOM WATSON & THE

POPULISTS; REBECCA LATIMER FELTON; 1906 ATLANTA RACE RIOT; LEO FRANK; PLESSY V. FERGUSON; JIM CROW LAWS;

DISFRANCHISEMENT; BOOKER T. WASHINGTON; W.E.B. DUBOIS;

ALONZO HERNDON

The New South

Redeemers Gain Control

Redeemers –

Democrats in GA who worked to undo the changes imposed during the Reconstruction.

This meant restoring Democrats to public office and making clear that control of society should be in the hands of the white race (white supremacy)

1877 State Constitution

Most restrictive constitution in GA history because…

1. It made it impossible for the state to borrow money.

2. Tax money could be spent only for purposes spelled out in the constitution.

3. Terms of office for Governor and state Senators were limited from 4 years to 2 years.

Bourbon Triumvirate

Southern Democrats who believed the South’s prosperity depended on industry not cotton.

Did not want any other social or political change.

The three served as Senators and Governor from 1872-1890

The Bourbon Triumvirate

The Four Goals

for the

South

Make the state more self sufficient; a push toward industry.

Attracting investors from the north to build factories and mills in GA.

Farmers needed to diversify their crops; less cotton, more foods and grains.

Grains were bought from other states, so less money leaving the state.

Alfred Colquitt

The Bourbon Triumvirate

John B. Gordon Joseph E. Brown

Independent Movement 1870's

Farmer’s Alliance 1890’s

A campaign to help the farmer. Dr. Felton was a 3 time US Congressman.

Mrs. Felton gave speeches, wrote articles and sent letters to the newspapers about the injustices that farmers and other “little people” were suffering.

Wanted better schools & roads and changes in state tax laws to ease the burden of the farmers.

Fought for laws requiring railroads to post their rates in the railroad stations and charge the same rater per mile for all shippers.

Four Political Parties of the New South

Tom Watson & PopulistsWas against the New

South and represented the farmers in GA. Did not want Northern

investors to get rich at the hands of GA farmers.

The Populist Party was a national party that supported the farmers.

Progressive Democrats

•Wanted to keep GA a one party state. •Opposed any law that would promote social equality of the races. •Legislating moral behavior, improving education, and helping those in need.

Democrats in PowerGeorgia became a one-party state after

Reconstruction was over.

Carpetbaggers, scalawags, and black leaders lost their power as white conservatives regained their former positions of power.

Democrats regained control of state

government. Georgia has had a Democratic governor since 1871, with the exception of the current Governor, Sonny Perdue.

Taking away the

right to vote.

Disfranchisement

Jim Crow Laws (poll tax & grandfather clause) contributed to

the disfranchisement of African American men

in the south.

Voting Restrictions

“Good character & citizen clause”According to the county registrar, those who were of “good

character” and understood the “duties of citizenship”; usually applied this rule to illiterate whites but not blacks.

Property ExemptionsIf you owned at least 40 acres of land or had other taxable

property worth at least $500; few blacks owned this much land or taxable property.

Grandfather ClauseCould exempt if you were the descendent of a Union or

Confederate veteran; mostly applied to white Georgians whose grandfathers were Civil War veterans.

Jim Crow LawsLaws that restricted

behavior of African Americans and kept them separated from whites socially and politically.

Jim Crow was the creation of a minstrel show performer. He is not a real person.

Jim Crow LawsPurpose – To limit

interaction between the races.

Examples - GA’s first Jim Crow Law required railroads to provide separate passenger cars for blacks and whites.

Plessy v Ferguson1896 Supreme Court case.

“Separate but Equal” It is legal to have separate facilities for blacks and

whites, as long as they are equal.

Facilities were never equal.

Child Labor Prison Reform

Children often worked 10 – 15 hour days in factories.

There were NO laws governing the treatment of children.

Poor treatment of prisoners.

Chain gangs made famous throughout the country due to GA’s chain gangs.

Other Social Issues of the New South

Prohibition Women’s Suffrage

The 18th Amendment outlawed alcoholic beverages for the whole country in 1917.

Suffrage means the right to vote. Women were not given the right to vote until the 19th amendment to the US Constitution in 1919.

Other Social Issues of the New South

The County Unit System

What is it? A special formula for

counting votes in the primary elections of the Democratic Party.

It was using in Governor & Senator Races.

8 largest counties got 6 votes each

30 next largest counties got 4 votes each

121 counties got 2 votes each.

1940Fulton – 392,886

residents(6 votes)

Quitman, Echols, Towns, Long, Glascock, & Dawson – 23,966 residents (12 votes)

The supreme court ruled that it violated the 14th Amendment in 1962.

Defenders Opponents

This system protected the rural counties from being controlled by the large cities – Such as Atlanta.

The system violated the voting rights of Georgians who lived in urban counties. Many African Americans lived in the urban city counties to work in factories.

The County Unit System

Henry GradyOne of the most

important New South figures.

Was the editor of the Atlanta Journal Constitution.

Traveled to the North to urge them to invest in the South.

Industrialize Georgia

Henry Grady – Why rely on other states to buy products when our state has the same natural resources. Ex. Marble Headstone & Pine Coffin

1860 – 15,000 workers & less than $20 million dollars in goods produced

1910 – 105,000 workers & Approx. $210 million dollars in goods produced

Great Cotton Exhibitions – An attempt to get northern investors to either finance or own Cotton Mills in GA.

Tenant Farming Sharecropping

Landowner furnished the land

Tenant furnished the supplies and seed

Owner received either cash or a portion of the crop.

The tenant received the rest of the profit or crop

The landowner furnished the seed, house, land, plows, mules, etc.

The tenant furnished the labor

The land owner received a share of the crop.

The tenant received a place to live and enough crops to survive on and make a small earnings.

Farming in GA

Auburn Avenue

Social & Commercial center in Atlanta for African Americans

Known throughout the United states as a center for African Americans

Rich’s Department Store

Opened in 1867Morris RichAn immigrant from

Hungary.Goes into business

with his brothers.Spreads throughout

the Southeast as a major department store

Coca-Cola Company

Developed in 1866 by John Pemberton to help get rid of headaches.

By 1895 it was sold in every state within the United States

It was sold and Robert W. Woodruff became president in 1923.

Before WWII started Coke was already an international product

Booker T. Washington

A black educatorTold black Americans

in a speech to accept racial segregation and forget about social equality for the time being.

He encouraged blacks to learn a trade and their privileges would come from that given trade

W.E.B Dubois

Born in 1868 in Mass.First African

American student to earn a Dr. of Philosophy at Harvard University

Organized the Niagara movement to do away with Jim Crow Laws

Founder of the NAACP organization

Rebecca Latimer FeltonFirst Female

SenatorSenator Tom Watson

Died and Gov. Hardwick appointed Felton to take his seat temporarily.

She only served two days.

1906 Atlanta RiotTension between

whites and blacks over voting and competition for jobs.

Unsubstantiated reports of violence by black men towards white women.

3 days of violence and dozens of people were killed.

1906 Atlanta Riot

Leo Frank CaseJewish factory owner

is tried for the murder of a 14 year old girl.

Convicted although evidence was circumstantial

Convicted to hang, but sentence was reduced to life.

Mob lynched him

Booker T. WashingtonEstablished Tuskegee

Institute Stressed technical

training and agriculture

Told blacks to accept social segregation, learn a skill, eventually equality would come.

W.E.B. DuboisFirst African

American to earn a PHD from Harvard.

Niagara movement- 1st national effort to end Jim Crow laws.

Co-founded the NAACP, which worked for racial equality.

Alonzo HerndonFormer slave who

worked as a barber and then started Atlanta Life Insurance Company.

Company was worth over 1 million dollars at the time of his death.