Post on 08-Jul-2020
transcript
the original Turbine Wind Lidar
absolute and relative power curve measurements
yaw misalignment identification
gust detection, peak and fatigue load reduction
turbine intelligence for performance investigations & optimisation
full OEM integration for lidar augmented control
zephirlidar.com/DM
2 3
VERTICAL SHEARVEERROTOR EQUIVALENT WIND SPEEDS
ZEPHIR DM’S UNIQUE MEASUREMENTS
TURBINE HEALTH SCREENING, PERFORMANCE INTELLIGENCE &WARRANTY INVESTIGATIONS
When considering the application of wind lidar on your turbine project, ask if the lidars you are comparing can deliver the following measurements:
To protect your assets, gain intelligence on their performance and support any warranty investigations
deploy the original wind turbine lidar solution with more than a decade of practical experience.
ZephIR DM provides:
Wind measurements from just 10 metres (33 feet) out to more than 300 metres (984 feet)
Rotor equivalent wind speed measurements
Identification of yaw misalignment
High data capture
Unique measurements such as vertical wind veer and shear essential in turbine applications
Dual mode functionality for ground based IEC compliant measurements
Yaw misalignment correction - The simplest lidar augmented turbine control technique to implement, ensuring
accurate turbine orientation with respect to the incoming wind. Maximises energy yield and reduced turbine
loading due to asymmetric rotor forces.
Performance - Lidar assisted turbine control for maximum energy extraction and income generation from your
wind resource whilst minimising turbine subsystems wear, prolonging life and reducing turbine downtime.
Protection - Fatigue load reduction, especially for tower and blade roots. Gust detection minimising peak
turbine loads. Monitoring around the full rotor disk allows detection of low level jets and terrain induced
complex wind flows allowing more intelligent turbine control strategies.
TURBINE MOUNTED APPLICATIONS
ZephIR® Lidar applies more than a decade of experience in wind energy to ensure ZephIR
DM can be utilised effectively across a number of key applications
TURBINE HEALTH SCREENING
Absolute and Relative Power Curve Measurements in-situ on turbine - Nacelle-mounted
measurements to monitor condition of turbine against measured wind speed and for performance
trouble shooting
Ground based IEC compliant Power Curve Measurement - Ground based measurements to IEC
equivalent standards to monitor performance of turbine against measured wind speed
Yaw misalignment - Precision measurement of wind direction over the rotor disk. Allows accurate
nacelle instrumentation calibration and performance screening.
4 5
ENHANCED TURBINE OPERATIONS
Move ZephIR DM from
turbine to turbine safely,
easily and rapidly for efficient
wind farm health screening
Rotor equivalent wind
speed measurements - not
all lidars are the same.
WE SEE WHAT NO-ONE ELSE CAN
ZephIR DM is the only lidar available that provides rotor equivalent wind speed
measurements, wind veer and wind shear measurements. How?
6 7
25 PAIRS OF MEASUREMENTS
ZephIR DM is the only wind lidar that provides a
circular scan in the plane of the rotor at a rate of 1
scan per second and 50 readings per scan.
By measuring 50 points at each range we are able
to use up to 25 pairs of measurements to:
determine horizontal wind speed and yaw
misalignment at the height of each pair
determine wind veer (change in wind
direction with height)
determine wind shear (change in wind
speed and direction with height)
ensure data is always available at
specified heights due to real time tilt/roll
measurements
provide hub height and rotor equivalent
wind speeds
ZephIR DM has been fully tested and delivered commercially in its intended application. While many projects
are commercially restricted in publication, a sample case study is summarised below, with further studies
available on request:
DETECTING TURBINE YAW MISALIGNMENT
2MW NEG-MICON TURBINE, DENMARK - 2012
“A demonstration and quantification of turbine performance improvements after turbine tuning” on a 2MW NEG-
Micon turbine, 72m rotor diameter situated in flat terrain, Eastern Jutland, Denmark featuring a nacelle roof mounted,
dual mode, ZephIR DM lidar with ranges of 10m, 30m, 50m, 100m and 180m (i.e. 2.5 rotor diameters).
The first part of campaign (January to March 2012) was performed on an un-optimised turbine and the second part of
campaign (March to April 2012) on the same turbine following an optimisation process.
*Yaw error of 14° to 16° evident from ZephIR DM yaw alignment measurements was remedied by nacelle wind vane
recalibration part way through the campaign.
Effects were clearly visible in ZephIR DM measured power curves pre- and post- yaw recalibration with an estimated
improved AEP of approximately 5% after yaw recalibration.
ZephIR DM can be used as an integrated sensor to control yaw. More information available on request, and found
under Lidar Augmented Turbine Control in this brochure.
ZephIR DM installed in a 2MW NEG-Micon wind turbine in Denmark
8 9
5%increase in Annual Energy Prediction*with ZephIR DM
10 11
V90 VESTAS TURBINE, UK - 2013
A ZephIR DM lidar was deployed on the nacelle of a wind turbine in Southern England, located 2.62 rotor diameter
(D) from an International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) compliant met mast, and a second ZephIR DM adjacent
to the met mast operating in ground-based mode.
Wind speeds were measured at 5 distances in front of the rotor - 2.62D, 2D, 1.5D, 1D and 0.5D. Rotor equivalent wind
speed calculations were performed using the ZephIR Turbine Rotor Equivalent Wind Speed (TREWspeed)
post-processing tool at 5 slices over the rotor area.
The ZephIR DM uses inclination and roll sensors along with the known polar beam scan angles to determine the
Line of Sight (LOS) wind speeds at a 3 dimensional point in space. LOS pairs on opposite sides of the scan circle are
selected at the desired height. These are then averaged over 10 minutes and translated to horizontal wind speeds
and yaw angle misalignments.
Three wake-free direction sectors were selected with varying terrain complexity. These sectors are used to test
whether the measurement technique is less sensitive to inflow conditions and site complexity; one of the sectors is
adjacent to the met mast. However the met mast direction was found to be waked by a neighbouring turbine.
The campaign has provided strong evidence of the ability of the ZephIR DM to measure both hub height and rotor
equivalent wind speed power curves in excellent agreement with the fixed mast and ground based lidar respectively.
At any specific measurement distance, the scatter of the measurements (i.e. category A uncertainties) was
independent of the chosen measurement sector, confirming that the site terrain was relatively simple. In general,
measurement bias (category B uncertainty) is expected to decrease with decreasing measurement range, due to
the effects of terrain becoming less significant. An optimum measurement distance of 1.5D is suggested in order to
measure 5 rotor equivalent wind speed slices and minimise the distance in front of the turbine. A further test of this
methodology is planned in complex terrain.
absoluteand relative power curve measurements with ZephIR DM
POWER CURVE MEASUREMENTS
A ZephIR DM unit has been installed on the nacelle of a test turbine at DTU Wind Energy (Risø) since December 2012.
The deployment has allowed the lidar data to be compared against high-quality met masts at two ranges in front of
the rotor plane. Shear, veer and turbulence have all been investigated along with the standard parameters such as
hub-height speed and direction.
“The Nacelle mounted ZephIR DM [ZephIR] installed at DTU Risø Campus as part of a Danish Advanced Technology
Foundation Wind Lidar project apparently provided results as accurate as our well calibrated met mast!” said
Professor Torben Mikkelsen of DTU Wind Energy during the final presentation to project stakeholders. Results from
this trial will be published shortly but an initial set of mast comparisons is shown below demonstrating excellent
correlation:
The deployment was videoed by Micro Quadcopter, here showing a standard ZephIR DM at the front of the turbine
which is being utilised by DTU Wind Energy for further research projects.
A full link to the video can be found on zephirlidar.com.
12 13ZephIR DM installed with DTU Wind Energy
DTU WIND ENERGY - 2012
accuracyfrom a turbine installation that matches an IEC compliant met mast for power curves with ZephIR DM
With appropriate turbine control integration, the ZephIR DM nacelle-mounted lidar system can provide valuable
performance improvements such as dynamic yaw error correction for example. Where direct turbine control system
integration is required, ZephIR DM can also be supplied in customer specific product form suitable for large-scale
retro fit to a wind farm turbine fleet. The ZephIR DM technology platform, was originally conceived precisely for this
application, as its unique Continuous Wave scanning methodology is inherently suited to this purpose, offering
distinct advantages over alternative lidar technologies. Such customer specific ZephIR DM versions can be delivered
at much reduced cost per unit when ordered in volume for fleet retrofit.
The standard ZephIR DM product with its comprehensive functionality, is designed to mount on the nacelle and
provide either independent data output, or data output which can be linked directly to the turbine control / SCADA
system. It is the only wind lidar that provides a circular scan in the plane of the rotor, which it does at a rate of 1
scan per second and 50 readings per scan. By measuring 50 points at each range, ZephIR DM is able to deliver a
comprehensive data set of the full swept rotor plane, with the subsequent benefits which that can bring in terms of
additional information for turbine performance management.
ZephIR Lidar remains at the forefront of turbine control by continuing to deliver solutions to meet customer
requirements based on collaborative studies such as the following:
COLLABORATIVE STUDY, GL GARRAD HASSAN - 2012
LIDAR-AUGMENTED TURBINE CONTROL
14 15
ZephIR DM providing augmented turbine control
uniquemeasurements, essential for optimal turbine control only with ZephIR DM
Exploring optimum lidar configuration for a 5MW turbine
Single/multiple ranges, scan angles, scan patterns, turbine control tuning
Increased energy capture up to 2%.
Reduction in extreme turbine loads e.g. 10 % for tower base bending moment
Significant reduction in thrust related fatigue loads
20% reduction for above-rated wind speeds
14% lifetime fatigue e.g. tower base bending moment
Largest benefits identified for load reduction
Longer turbine life, reduced turbine and energy cost
“Quantifying Lidar Benefits For Turbine Control” - A Collaborative study with GL Garrad Hassan, Sep 2011 to Jul
2012 features the following aspects:
The study notes that “Both pulsed and continuous-wave Lidar types are suitable, as long as they can sample something like 10 points distributed around the swept area every second or so and provide a few seconds of look-ahead time.”
ZephIR DM is the only production lidar in existence that meets this requirement. Options are available for OEM specific turbine control integration. Contact our experts to discuss your specific requirements.
2003World first turbine mounted wind lidar with Nordex
2004Ground based ZephIR wind lidar is released to the world
2012“A demonstration and quantification of turbine performance improvements after turbine tuning” on NEG-Micon 2MW turbine
2009Power curve measurements for EDF Energies Nouvelles in France
2013World-first simultaneous measurements upwind and downwind from a wind turbine
NEL deploys ZephIR 300 to steer industry guidance on power curve measurements
ZephIR DM, a ZephIR Lidar product, is delivered by the original provider of turbine wind lidars. No other commercial
organisation in existence has more experience than us when it comes to the application of wind lidar on turbines.
In 2003 we released the first commercial wind lidar, ZephIR, exploiting decades of research at UK government
Research & Development establishment QinetiQ. Designed specifically for the wind industry, ZephIR has paved the
way for many of the remote sensing devices seen in the market today.
Turn light into power.
2011Indian Centre for Wind Energy Technology deploy ZephIR 300
World first wind tunnel testing as part of Danish research project: Integration of wind LIDAR’s in wind turbines for improved productivity and control
A Collaborative study with GL Garrad Hassan on the subject of “Quantifying Lidar Benefits For Turbine Control”
THE ORIGINAL TURBINE WIND LIDAR
ZephIR DMZephIR DM launched with ZephIR 300 technology at the heart tailored to turbine mounted applications with the added benefit of Dual Mode ground operation from the same platform
ZephIR DM is a continuous wave lidar system, and this core technology was chosen specifically during the original
design of the ZephIR product range due to its unique benefits listed below.
OUR UNIQUE OFFERING Feature of system
Not a feature of system
16 17
FEATURE BENEFITZephIR
DMOther Lidar
Dual mode use Same unit can be used on the ground or on the
turbine, maximising return on investment
High speed, 20 ms
sample rate, circular
scan
Samples around the full path of the rotor
blades for accurate measurement of the wind
experienced by the turbine
On-turbine wind shear
measurement
Important for accurate power curve
measurement and turbine control
On-turbine
vertical wind veer
determination
Important for effective power curve
measurement on larger turbines
On-turbine rotor
equivalent windspeed
measurement
Important for effective power curve
measurement on larger turbines
Real time logging and
compensation for
nacelle movement
Tilt, roll and nacelle velocity compensation in real
time for accuracy and high availability.
Ensures (for example) hub height wind speed
measurement to within 1% of hub height.
Availability measurements
Optimised design for
turbine deployment
Single sealed device, 2 man deployment, fits
through hatches and uses internal turbine crane
or lift
Two year warranty and
service interval
Maximum reliability with minimum downtime
18 19
ZephIR DM provides you with dual-mode functionality, allowing deployments either in turbine mounted
applications or ground based. The unit delivers a platform for bankable data as the system can easily undergo
a performance verification against an IEC approved test site, such as the UK’s Lidar and Sodar Test Site, before
being deployed in the field in a turbine application. Utilising a simple frame, ZephIR DM remains exactly the
same unit to deliver both applications.
DUAL MODE FUNCTIONALITY
GROUND-BASED
ZephIR DM in ground-based mode provides an easily transportable and
manoeuvrable wind lidar that can be deployed on a range of terrains. With
its tripod design, the system is easily levelled and can be deployed in
minutes on site.
Typical ground-based applications include:
Research / academia
Met mast complement
Wind shear verification studies
Turbulence measurements
Site prospecting
Micrositing
Wind model verification
Long term reference measurements
Real time weather monitoring during construction
Finance-grade, bankable Energy Yield Analysis
IEC compliant power curve measurements (anticipated in new
edition)
Forecasting
TURBINE-MOUNTED
ZephIR DM in turbine-mounted mode provides an easily deployable in-
situ wind lidar adaptable to a range of turbine makes / models providing
advanced intelligence on wind parameters and site conditions.
Typical turbine-mounted applications include:
turbine condition monitoring
In-situ power performance measurements
turbine performance optimisation
turbine predictive maintenance planning
turbine lidar augmented control
turbine fatigue and load reduction strategies
ZephIR DM provides both turbine and ground based measurements from a single platform. Our
customers utilise this function in a number of applications including power curve measurements. IEC
61400-12-1 is intended to permit ground based remote sensing for power curve measurement based
on the technology’s proven track record, industry accepted verification regime and suitability to the site.
GROUND OPERATIONS - POWER CURVE MEASUREMENTS
REPOWER MM91 WTG, FRANCE
A unit was deployed at the site of a REpower MM91 to provide a power curve test following the current
edition of IEC 61400-12-1. The unit was located 61m from IEC compliant hub height test mast.
The results confirmed that:
ZephIR / ZephIR DM and the mast power curves were identical
The manufacturers power curve matched closely
Scatter in the unit measured the power curve lower than that for mast
Power curve measurements in France against REpower MM91
20 21
dual modefunctionality allows for traceable power curve measurements to IEC standards
Po
wer
pro
du
ced
Wind speed
USER INTERFACE
Waltz software allows users to easily configure all ZephIR DM models and automatically adjusts available options to the type of unit.
Users are able to define ranges of interest from just 10m to 300m either locally or remotely, covering the entire rotor swept diameter, above and below.
Wind speed history and wind shear graphs show users the wind field live or from recorded data giving insight into the windfield as it evolves.
Uncluttered wind speed and direction displays give the user a quick glance into the current or recorded wind field.
ADDITIONAL FEATURESDetailed status outputs are available both live and in recorded data giving you feedback on the ZephIR DM system and its environment.
A simple download interface gives access to data wherever ZephIR DM is deployed, over ethernet, wifi, GSM or satellite comms links.
Live and recorded data is available at your finger-tips with simple controls to export recorded data into other formats.
Full Doppler spectra can be displayed to allow wake and complex terrain studies
SYSTEM FEATURES
MARINE METEOROLOGICAL STATION providing temperature, pressure and humidity measurements, designed to operate in harsh marine environments and includes a GPS device for data timestamp & location, facilitating synchronisation with other devices.
QUICK RELEASE HANDLES for simple levelling adjustments and designed for gloved operation.
MARINE WIPER SYSTEM with silicone wiper blade for extended operation, keeping window surface clear of moisture and debris, designed to operate in the harshest of environments. Fed by industrial specification screen wash capable of operation in sub-zero temperatures.
AUTOMOTIVE MOISTURE SENSOR for activating wiper arm, designed to operate in exhaustive automotive applications.
CARBON FIBRE LEGSresistant to horizontal wind loading while keeping overall weight minimised.
WIDE SPREAD FEETfor effective load spreading and ease of bolting to a variety of turbine roof styles.
INSULATED BODY PODSmanufactured in polyethylene, operating across a wide range of temperatures and with IP69 seals across all surfaces and connector panels.
22 23
OPTIMISED ENCLOSURE PROFILE DESIGN ensuring lowest possible surface area to avoid snow build up in cold conditions, with radius on edges to allow for natural snow fall-off.
LIGHTWEIGHT STIFFENED FRAMEensuring constant positional accuracy with respect to nacelle alignment combined with ease of lifting and manhandling through apertures.
HALF-DAY INSTALLATION ON TURBINE
1 | LIFT
Using the supplied haul bags,
ZephIR DM can be easily lifted up
to the nacelle. The haul bags are
designed to provide protection to
the unit during lifting whilst also
allowing for safe operations during
the lifting process.
2 | PREPARE
Measurement advice for locating the ZephIR
DM is supplied for all turbine makes and
models. A guide is used to provide optimal
drill holes through the nacelle roof so the
unit can be secured quickly and easily.
24 25
3 | MOUNT
ZephIR DM feet have mounting apertures to allow easy connection to
the brace plate and once fixed, the unit’s chassis can then be secured. A
comfortable two-man lift, the ZephIR DM can be easily lowered on to the
chassis and secured from underneath. The unit’s multi- purpose haul bag
and protection jacket can then be removed.
ZephIR DM is a fully integrated solution - there is no separate head unit, or
control system. This means there are no optical or electronic connections to
be made between units, which can introduce risk and failure modes.
4 | MEASURE
With one push of the power
button, ZephIR DM is ready
to measure.
SYSTEM QUALITY
Our Quality Management System has been developed accordingly and is achieved through meeting the
requirements of ISO 9001:2008, in the following application:
Provision of continuous wave lidar equipment supplied to provide wind
measurements during the assessment, development and operation of wind farm
projects and related meteorological industries, including design, manufacture,
engineering, research & development, certification, communications, power and
global logistics.
CE marking (also known as the CE mark) is a mandatory conformance mark on
products sold or distributed in the European Economic Area (EEA) - consisting of the
27 Member States of the EU and EFTA countries Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and
Liechtenstein. ZephIR 300 is a CE Marked product, which guarantees that the product
is in conformity with the essential requirements of the applicable EC directives.
Safety and certification:
ZephIR has been subject to rigorous environmental, EMC and safety testing at a UKAS accredited test house.
Test results, combined with real world experience demonstrate the real maturity of the system in some particularly
challenging scenarios. Full details on these tests can be found at zephirlidar.com however a relevant subset are
shown below.
CERTIFICATION STANDARD
Eye safety IEC 60825-1
Housing IEC 60529 - IP 69, fully integrated and sealed product (no separation of head / body / computing)
Mechanical EN 300 019-2-2 V2.1.2 (vibration), IEC 60068-2-27 (shock / bump)
Extreme temperature BS EN 60068-2-1 Test A (freeze test), BS EN 60068-2-1 Test A and BS EN 60068-2-2 Test B (extreme upper and lower)
EMC & Lightning Full RF Emission, RF Immunity, Conducted Immunity, Burst, Surge, and Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) tested across IEC 61326-1, IEC 61000-4, FCC part 15, EN 61000-6-4, EN 61000-4-3, EN 61000-4-6:1996+A1:2001, EN 61000-4-4, EN 61000-4-5:1995+A1:2001, EN 61000-4-2:1995+A1:1998+A2:2001, EN 61000-4-11:1994, EN 55011:2007 + A2:2007, EN 55011:2007 + A2:2007, EN 61000-3-2:2000, EN 61000-3-3:1995+A1:2001
Safety EN601010-1:2001
Cables and PCB assembly IPC/WHMA-A-620A, IPC -A-610, Low Voltage Directive, RoHS
PERFORMANCE RESULTS
26 27
Pre-deployment performance validations
Before ZephIR Lidar products (ZephIR 300 and ZephIR DM) are deployed they are assessed against a 91.5m mast
in flat terrain at UK’s Lidar and Sodar test site as part of an industry-approved and well-documented performance
validation. The mean and standard deviation of the mast correlation parameters, gradient and R2, have been
calculated from a batch of more than 80 units to investigate consistency of lidar performance, pre-deployment
(Table 1). The regression slopes show a standard deviation for the ZephIR Lidars of <1% at all heights, with current IEC
standards for cup anemometers allowing for almost double that variation, at <2%. The comparisons also include any
effects of differing weather conditions in addition to lidar and cup calibration effects.
HEIGHT (m) GRADIENT R2
Mean StDev Mean StDev
91 1.00 0.006 0.99 0.006
70 1.00 0.005 0.99 0.004
45 1.00 0.004 0.99 0.005
20 1.00 0.004 0.99 0.005
Table 1: Batch comparison of more than 80 systems
Calibrated wind tunnel testing
In addition to the pre-deployment performance validations, batch comparisons and demonstrable performance in all
terrains, in an experimental investigation by LM Windpower, DTU Wind Energy (Risø) and NKT Photonics, a ZephIR
300 system was configured to stare directly along the flow in a high-performance wind tunnel. The world-first results
showed unprecedented performance at the theoretical limit when compared against the wind tunnel instrumentation
across a speed range of 5 to 75m/s.
The correlation was extremely high with R2 >0.9999, and the gradient of the comparison plot differs from unity by
less than 0.5%, comparable to the expected accuracy of the pitot sensor used to calibrate the tunnel itself.
SYST
EM CERTIFICATION
ISO 9001
28
WIND DATA & TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
29
In addition to those measurements shown on the opposite page,
the following data outputs are available during ground based
operation:
ZephIR DM OUTPUT
UNIT EXPLANATION
Horizontal wind speed
Metres per second
Horizontal wind speed measured by ZephIR DM
Vertical wind speed
Metres per second
Vertical wind speed measured by ZephIR DM
Horizontal wind direction
Degrees Horizontal wind direction measured by ZephIR DM
Horizontal min / max
Metres per second
Minimum / maximum horizontal wind speeds measured by ZephIR DM
PERFORMANCE ZephIR DM
Range (min.)Range (max.)
10 metres300+ metres
Probe length @ 10 mProbe length @ 100 m
± 0.07 metres± 7.70 metres
Heights measured 10 (user-configurable)
Sampling rate 50Hz
Averaging period user configurable (1 second as standard)
Readout rate 100ms (user configurable)
Scanning cone angle 30° or 15° (other angles available)
Speed accuracy variation* < 0.5%
Speed range < 1 m/s to 70 m/s
Direction accuracy variation* < 0.5°
Visible laser alignment accuracy 1°
Measurement accuracy compensation
0.1m/s
Inclination and roll measurement compensation accuracy
0.1°
OPERATIONS ZephIR DM
Temp range (min.)Temp range (max.)
-25°C+50°C
Power consumption 85 Watts
Power input 250 -90 V AC 50-60Hz or 12 V DC
Weight (excluding flight casing) 41 kg**
Service interval 24 months
DATA ZephIR DM
10 minute averaging 90Kb / day
1 second data 3MB / day
On board storage 36 months
Data transfer LAN; MODBUS; WiFi; Global SIM; Iridium Sat Comms
Timestamp / Location GPS
500Gbyte SSD*** Allows low level, real time, data capture of full Doppler spectra
SAFETY ZephIR DM
Laser classification Class 1
Eye safety standard IEC 60825-1
Enclosure IP Rating IP69
Compliance Full CE accreditation
* As measured against a calibrated moving target** Heaviest single component*** Optional
ZephIR DM OUTPUT
UNIT EXPLANATION
Reference - Numerical reference of each record
Time and date - In text format, to the nearest second
Timestamp Seconds Time and date of the reading as numerical value in seconds
Hub height horizontal wind speed
Metres per second
Horizontal wind speed measured by the ZephIR DM at hub height, with real-time inclination correction
Rotor-equivalent horizontal wind speed
- Rotor equivalent horizontal wind speed, as described in IEC 61400-12-1 CD, additionally incorporating real-time inclination correction and wind veer across the turbine
Vertical Wind Shear Exponent
- Power law wind shear exponent as measured by the ZephIR DM around the centre of the scan. Positive values indicate that the wind speed is higher above the optical axis than below.
Wind Yaw Misalignment
Degrees Angle of the horizontal wind direction vector to the ZephIR DM optical axis (i.e. yaw) as measured by the ZephIR DM. Positive values indicate that the wind direction is crossing from right to left (when looking from behind the ZephIR DM into the wind.
Horizontal Std.Dev.
Metres per second
Standard deviation of un-averaged horizontal wind speeds included in 10-min average.
Wind Yaw Misalignment Std.Dev.
Degrees Standard deviation of the un-averaged wind yaw angles included in the 10-min average.
Vertical veer Degrees per metre
Variation of wind direction with height
Range Metres Range at which the various wind quantities are determined
Flow complexity
Metres per second
A quantified measure of the wind flow complexity measured around the ZephIR DM scan. Useful for identifying wakes and complex wind flow conditions
Inclination Angle Min
Degrees Minimum inclination angle detected by the motion sensors. Positive inclination angles indicate that the ZephIR DM optical axis in the direction of laser emission is tilted above the horizontal axis.
Inclination Angle Max
Degrees Maximum inclination angle detected by the motion sensors.
cont.
Inclination Angle Mean (deg)
Degrees Mean inclination angle detected by the motion sensors.
Inclination Angle Std. Dev
Degrees Standard deviation of inclination angle detected by the motion sensors.
Fore-Aft Velocity Max
Metres per second
Maximum fore-aft velocity detected by the motion sensors.
Fore-Aft Velocity Mean
Metres per second
Mean fore-aft velocity detected by the motion sensors.
Fore-Aft Velocity Std. Dev
Fit Flags - A bit field representing the result of fitting process. Flag values.
Mean Fit Residual
Metres per second
The average fit residual of all the measurement points included in the fitting of the wind model.
TI - Turbulence Intensity
Generator Volts External supply voltage, if present
Upper temp / lower temp
Degrees Celsius
Pod temperature
Pod humidity Percent Internal humidity
GPS Decimal Degrees
GPS location (lat and long)
ZephIR bearing
Degrees Direction of the ZephIR wrt True North
Tilt Degrees Pitch and roll away from vertical
Air Temp. Degrees Celsius
Ambient temperature
Pressure Millibar / Hectopascals
Ambient pressure
Humidity Percent Ambient humidity
MET wind speed
Metres per second
Horizontal wind speed measured by the MET station
MET direction Degrees Wind direction measurement by the MET station
Raining - Rain sensor detects rain
Status Flags Colour coded Continuous operational status
30
TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND KEY DIMENSIONS
31
POWER™
CONNECT™
DYNAMICS™
VALIDATE™
EXPERT™
T +44 (0) 1531 650 757E sales@zephirlidar.comW www.zephirlidar.com
The Old Barns Fairoaks Farm Hollybush Ledbury HR8 1EU UK
To discuss your wind energy projects with the world’s most experienced wind lidar company, please get in touch:
© 2014 Zephir Ltd. ZephIR, ZephIR Lidar, ZephIR 300 and ZephIR DM are trademarks or registered trademarks of Zephir Ltd. Company registration No. SC 317594