The Pulmonary System Chapter 4 Part I: Functional Anatomy.

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The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System

Chapter 4Chapter 4Part I: Functional AnatomyPart I: Functional Anatomy

ObjectivesObjectives Discuss the basic pulmonary structures Discuss the basic pulmonary structures

and their functionsand their functions Discuss the processes of ventilation Discuss the processes of ventilation

and respirationand respiration Discuss the regulation of breathing and Discuss the regulation of breathing and

implications for injury or illnessimplications for injury or illness

Anatomical StructuresAnatomical Structures Nasal passageNasal passage Oral cavityOral cavity PharynxPharynx LarynxLarynx TracheaTrachea BronchiBronchi BronchiolesBronchioles AlveoliAlveoli CapillariesCapillaries

FunctionsFunctions VentilationVentilation

Mechanics of moving air in and out of Mechanics of moving air in and out of the lungsthe lungs

RespirationRespiration Exchanges OExchanges O22 and CO and CO22

Requires active Requires active muscle contractionmuscle contraction

Occurs passivelyOccurs passively

Inhalation or InspirationInhalation or Inspiration Requires Requires

active muscle active muscle contractioncontraction

•DiaphragmDiaphragm•External intercostalsExternal intercostals•Accessory musclesAccessory muscles

•AbdominalsAbdominals•SternocleidomastoidsSternocleidomastoids•ScalenesScalenes•TrapeziusTrapezius

Exhalation or ExpirationExhalation or Expiration Occurs Occurs

passivelypassively

FunctionsFunctions

Air enters through Air enters through nasal passagenasal passageWarmed Warmed FilteredFiltered

• Mucus Mucus • CiliaCilia

Ventilation Ventilation (Inspiration)(Inspiration)

FunctionsFunctions Ventilation Ventilation

(Inspiration)(Inspiration)

Air passes through Air passes through pharynx pharynx

larynx larynx

tracheatrachea

Trachea Trachea branches to branches to form R and Lform R and Lbronchibronchi

Bronchi Bronchi branch intobranch intobronchiolesbronchioles

Bronchioles Bronchioles terminate terminate into alveoliinto alveoli

FunctionsFunctions RespirationRespiration

Alveoli Alveoli surrounded surrounded by network by network of thin of thin walled capillarieswalled capillaries

Gas exchange Gas exchange occurs across occurs across the thin walls the thin walls of capillaries of capillaries and alveoliand alveoli

Gas Gas exchangeexchangeOO22

COCO22

(Expiration)(Expiration)

Air moves Air moves back thru back thru pulmonarypulmonarysystem to be system to be exhaledexhaled

(Expiration)(Expiration)

Air moves Air moves back through back through pulmonarypulmonarysystem to be system to be exhaledexhaled

Regulation of BreathingRegulation of Breathing Central nervous systemCentral nervous system

Brain Brain Medulla is sensitive to COMedulla is sensitive to CO22 levels in the levels in the

bloodblood Inspiratory muscles controlled by phrenic nerve Inspiratory muscles controlled by phrenic nerve

(C3-C5 nerve roots) and cranial nerve XI (C3-C5 nerve roots) and cranial nerve XI (sternocleidomastoid)(sternocleidomastoid)

Implications?Implications?

Questions?Questions?

The Pulmonary System Chapter 4 Part I: Functional Anatomy.

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