• Thermal remediation processes

• A look at ISTR technologies

• Some European / UK project experience

• The advantages of ISTR

In-Situ Thermal Remediation

Why is Remediation so Difficult?

Why is Remediation so Difficult?

• Matrix Diffusion

• Heterogeneity

• Depth

• Buildings and infrastructure

Thermally Enhanced Mechanisms

• Mass transfer

• Hydrolysis

• Enhanced biotic / abiotic biodegradation

• Viscosity reduction/mobilisation

Heat Enhanced Bioremediation

Hot Water Cold Water

DNAPL Boils First

Water at 88 o CPCE boils in air at 121°C Boiling at 88 o C at

the NAPL/Water Interface where vapours are 84% PCE and 14% steam.

Free-Phase PCE Globules

• Steam, Steam/Air Injection

• Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH or ISTD)

• Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)

• Radio Frequency Heating

• STAR – Smouldering Combustion

• Combinations of the above

• HEPA™ – Heat Enhanced Plume Attenuation

In-Situ Thermal Technologies

Rapid, lower cost heat propagation through permeable formations

• Effective in vadose zone and saturated zone

• Relatively Low Energy Costs

• Best for very large scale sites

Steam, Steam/Air Injection

Key Benefits

High temperature solution that exceeds the boiling point of SVOC compounds

• Also suitable for VOCs, PCBs and PFAS

• Combines well with steam/air injection & ERH

• Proven in crystalline rock

In-Situ Conductive Heating

Key Benefits

FlexHeater™ Technology

Steam bubbles form more quickly at NAPL due to interfacial tension and reduced boiling temperatures.

In-Situ Steam Generation during ERH

1) Lower Permeability = lower electrical resistance = More currentUniform soils would lead to parallel ERH current lines – but

soils aren’t uniform2) NAPL = greater electrical conductivity = More current

More current = more heat

Low permeability lens

A flexible and highly controllable solution for the most common formations – Heterogenous ones

• Effective in vadose zone and saturated zone

• Ideal for heterogeneous formations

• Most energy efficient

• Water is an ERH friend

• Easiest to control and shut down

• Only technology that removes DNAPL first, thus removing persistent DNAPL

Electrical Resistance Heating

Key Benefits

Method ContrastsERH Electrodes TCH Heaters

• Uniform heating

• About 45 days to reach boiling

• Max temperature: boiling point of water

• Differential heating

• Boiling front advances ~3/4” a day

• Element 1000°C; formation 500°C

HybridHeater™ Technology

Client/Team Technology(s) Industry Main Contaminant YearArcadis: Cornelsen/Reconsite TCH Petrochemical Petroleum Hydrocarbons 2007

AECOM/Tamdown: Cornelsen/Reconsite

TCH + Steam/Air Injection Pharmaceutical TCE & Toluene 2011

ERM: Cornelsen Steam Injection Industrial/Chemical Dichloromethane 2015

Reconsite: Cornelsen TCH Manufacturing TCE 2016

ERM: Cornelsen Steam Injection Industrial/Chemical Dieldrin & Petroleum Hydrocarbons

2017

Arcadis: Cornelsen/Reconsite TCH Manufacturing Gear Oil 2017

Arcadis: Cornelsen/Reconsite TCH Manufacturing TCE 2017

Reconsite: Cornelsen TCH Manufacturing TCE 2018

Reconsite: Cornelsen TCH Manufacturing TCE 2018

ERM: Cornelsen/TRS Europe ERH Military TCE 2018

Cornelsen Ltd. ISTR Projects

Cornelsen Ltd. ISTR Projects

ERH Small Site

Large Brownfields Site

ERM UK – Chemical Packaging Company Dieldrin - Steam Injection

JOINT WINNER

Brownfield Briefing

“The Remediation Awards 2017”

“Best In-Situ Treatment” CategorySustainable Low Temperature In-Situ Thermal Remediation of Pesticides

A project combining the

following technologies:

• Steam injection;

• Conductive heating;

• Groundwater abstraction;

• ATEX soil vapour extraction;

• ATEX Multi-phase high vacuum extraction;

• Heat exchange and air blast cooling.

Reference: ERM UK – Chemical Processing Company Dichloromethane (DCM) - Steam Injection

ERM UK – Chemical Processing Company

WINNER

Brownfield Briefing

“The Remediation Awards 2015”

“Best In-Situ Treatment” CategorySolvent Spillage Emergency Response, using Sustainable Thermally Enhanced

Degradation

Arcadis UK – Vehicle Components ManufacturerIn-situ Conductive Heating: TCE

JOINT WINNER

Brownfield Briefing

“The Remediation Awards 2017”

“Best In-Situ Treatment” CategoryIn Situ Thermal Remediation Enhancement of a Dual Phase Extraction

System

Reference: AECOM/Tamdown – PharmaceuticalTCE: Combined Steam Sparging & Conductive Heating

HIGHLY COMMENDED

Brownfield Briefing

“The Remediation Awards 2011”

“Best In-Situ Treatment” CategoryIn-situ Remediation at an Operational Research Facility, UK

• Performance

• Speed

• Early release of land for income generation

• Early reduction of liability

• Energy and Sustainability

• Less CO2 over the project life

COST and BENEFITS

High cost?…Compared to what?

• Heat solves the matrix diffusion problem

• Proven in bedrock, vadose and saturated soils

• Fast = 3 to 6 months

• No Rebound, continued decline

• Enhanced biodegradation

• Hydrolysis

• >99% removal regularly achieved

• Plume remediation outside the treatment zone

Benefits of In-Situ Thermal Remediation

HEPA® Remediation

• Smaller source areas or dissolved phase

• Reduced equipment footprint

• Target temperatures: 30ºC to 70ºC

• Enhanced DNAPL dissolution

• Increased kinetics, rates of destruction

• Lower cost

Cornelsen and the Thermal Alliance Differentiators

• The widest range of ISTR technologies under one group

• Over 160 thermal projects

• Target guarantees

• Reputation for process and behavioural safety

• Years of experience

• A “can do” culture customer focussed service

Cornelsen and the Thermal Alliance

Quentin Hulm

Cornelsen Ltd., Managing Director

• Tel: 07810 320493

• Email: quentin.hulm@cornelsen.co.uk