THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW.

THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BE ASKED IN YOUR QUIZZES and PRACTICAL TESTS.

STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR STUDYING THEIR MANUAL AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED DURING THE LABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE SYLLABUS.

Urinary System

Lab # 9

Functions of the Urinary System

1- Regulates blood composition and blood pressure, as well as body fluid composition and volume2- Regulates blood pressure by releasing rennin, which activates the rennin-angiotensin mechanism that raises the blood pressure3- Regulates some metabolic reactions by converting vitamin D to its active form4- Releases erythropoietin, which increases production of red blood cells5- Helps to regulate blood pH by controlling the loss of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions in the urine

6- Helps to regulate calcium ion levels by producing calcitriol

Overview of the Urinary System

Kidney

Stomach

Spleen

PancreasParietal

peritoneum

Renal capsuleAdipose capsule

Renal fascia

Hylus

External Anatomy

Renal arteryRenal veinUreter

It protects the kidneys from trauma and infections

It helps protect the kidneys from trauma and maintains

the kidneys in place

It anchors the kidney to the abdominal wall

Internal Anatomy

Renal sinus

Cortex

MedullaRenal pyramids

Renal column

Minor calyx

Major calyx

Renal pelvisUreter

Renal lobe

Blood vessels

Renal papilla

Parenchyma

3- Blood Supply to the Kidney

Renal artery

Segmental artery

Interlobar artery

Arcuate artery

Interlobular or cortical radiate

arteries

Afferent arteriole

Nephron

Arcuate vein

Interlobar vein

Renal vein

Interlobular or cortical radiate veins

Interlobular or cortical radiate arteries

Afferent arterioleEfferent arteriolePeritubular capillariesVenules

Interlobular or cortical radiate veins

Arcuate vein

Arcuate artery

Cortical radial artery

Afferent arteriole

Glomerulus

Efferent arteriole

Peritubularcapillaries

Cortical radial vein

Arcuate vein

It receives most of the total renal blood flow

It receives 1% to 2% of the total renal blood flow

Corticomedullary junction

Cortex

Medulla

Cortical nephron

Juxtamedullary nephron

Vasa recta

Venule

2- Nephron

They are the filtering units of the kidney

Renal corpuscle

Renal tubule

Collecting duct

Connecting tubule

1- Renal corpuscle

Capsular space

Visceral layer

(Podocytes)

Pedicels & filtration slits

Afferent arteriole

Efferent arteriole

Proximal convoluted

tubule

Bowman’s capsuleGlomerulus

Parietal layer

(Simple squamous epithelium)

Arterial capillaries

(Fenestrated endothelium)

Chemoreceptors that monitor the concentration of

sodium

Macula densa

Juxtaglomerular cells

Mechanoreceptors that monitor blood pressure

and volume. They contain granules of renin

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Distal convoluted

tubule

Capillary endothelial

cell

Lamina densa (basement membrane

Filtration Membrane

Renal Tubule Proximal convoluted

tube

Distal convoluted

tube

Loop of Henle

Descending limb

Ascending limb

Collecting duct

Papillary duct

Connecting tubule

The Ureters

The Urinary Bladder

The Urethra