Three Presidents:

- John F. Kennedy – 1960-63 (D)

- Lyndon B. Johnson – 1963-69 (D)

- Richard M. Nixon – 1969-74 (R)

Three Themes:

1. Civil Rights Movements

2. Domestic Policies

3. Foreign Policy

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – Thurgood Marshall and NAACP – 14th Amendment- “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”, Brown II - “All deliberate speed”

- BY 1957- 684 out of 3000 school districts

Little Rock Nine (1957) – Central High School – Governor Orval Faubus

- President Eisenhower and the 101st Airborne

University of Mississippi – 1962 – James Meredith, Ross Barnett, and JFKUniversity of Alabama – 1963 – James Hood and Vivian Malone, George Wallace

Montgomery Bus Boycott – December 1, 1955 – Rosa Parks- Martin Luther King, JR. – 381 Days- 1956 Supreme Court Decision- Civil Disobedience and Nonviolent Protest- Southern Christian Leadership

Conference (SCLC)Greensboro Sit-in – February 1960 – SNCC

End Jim Crow Laws1961 - Freedom Rides

– CORE - National Guard

March in Birmingham – 1963 – Martin Luther King, JR.

and SCLC - ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail” - Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor

End Jim Crow Laws1963 – JFK – Civil Rights BillAugust 1963 – March on Washington – Martin Luther King, Jr. – “I have a dream” speech

Civil Rights Act of 1964 – end segregation in public facilities

Secure Voting Rights

Freedom Summer – 1964 – Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwermer and James Cheney1965 – Selma to Montgomery Marches –

- 2 marchers killed

1964 – 24th AmendmentVoting Rights Act of 1965

End Discrimination + Poverty – De Facto Segregation- Black Power and the Black Panthers- Nation of Islam and Malcolm X- Black Pride and Culture – Economic

Nationalism - Violence - 1965– Watts Riot, 34 killed – 50

Cities - 1966 – 43 Riots, 1967 – 8 Riots- April 4,1968 – MLK Assassinated in Memphis, TN – 60 cities rioted– Affirmative Action 1965

1. Feminist Movement –

- 1963 – Betty Freidan – The Feminine Mystique- NOW – Greater Opps + Equal Pay- Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII- Coeducational Colleges and Universities- Affirmative Action, Ms., Roe v. Wade

2. Hispanics – Poverty, Equal Pay, Education

- Cesar Chavez – United Farm Workers – Grape and Lettuce Boycott- 1974 – Bilingual Education

3. American Indians – Termination and Poverty- AIM– Alcatraz and Wounded Knee

- Indian Civil Rights Act, Land and Tribal Rights

4. Gay Liberation Movement – Stonewall Riot - 1969

1960 Election – JFK v. Nixon- Role of the Television – Ads and Debate

The New Frontier –

1. Economy – Keynesian Economics and tax cut?

2. Poverty- Education, Health Care, Mass Transit, Environment?- Minimum Wage + SS Benefits

3. Civil Rights – Equal Pay Act, supported with troops

4. Funding for NASA - Neil Armstrong

11/22/63 – Assassinated in Dallas, Warren Commission and Lee Harvey Oswald

Problems- Experience, Mandate?

Experience, JFK’s Legacy, Election of 1964 Mandate, Johnson Treatment

Tax Cut - $11.5 BillionWar on Poverty –

- Economic Opportunity Act – OEO -$950 million to public services

- Elementary + Secondary Education Act- Medicare + Medicaid- Food Stamps + Head Start- HUD–Section 8–National Housing Act- Mass Transportation Act- Immigration Act of 1965

Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, Affirmative Action

Evaluation of The Great Society

- Reduction in poverty, Increase role and power of Federal Government, $25 Billion Deficit

The Warren Court: (1953 – 1969)Brown v. Board of Ed of Topeka, Kansas 1954

- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) –

- segregated train cars

- 14th Amendment - ‘equal protection of the law’

- “separate is constitutional as long as equal”

- Linda Brown - NAACP - Thurgood Marshall

- segregated schools - ‘doll test’

Decision - separate is inherently unequal

- not permissible in education

- Court reversed its earlier decision

Engel v. Vitale - 1962Nondenominational prayer in school -

“Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our country. Amen.”

Decision - violated first amendment rights - establishment clause

Mapp v. Ohio - 1961

4th Amendment – Unreasonable Searches and Seizures

Decision – exclusionary rule – any evidence obtained in an illegal search (must have warrant) is

inadmissible in court

Gideon v. Wainwright - 1963- Clarence Gideon – Breaking and

Entering

- Denied lawyer by the state of Florida

-Decision- Violation of 6th Amendment rights – all states must provide

defendants with a lawyer

Miranda v. Arizona - 1966

- Ernesto Miranda – arrested for kidnapping and rape

- Police line up and confessions

- 5th and 6th Amendment Rights

- Decision: Violated his 5th and 6th

Amendment Rights

- Miranda Warning

Tinker v. Des Moines - 1969

Black Armbands and Vietnam War

John and Mary Beth Tinker and suspension by Des Moines public school system

Decision – Violation of First Amendment Rights

– Students have rights in Public Schools

Overall: Warren court expanded civil rights including voting, religion, search and seizure, and trial, empowered the federal government to ensure civil liberties, Judicial Activism

Discuss how decisions of the Warren Court affected American Society.

Flexible Response to Containment- Alliance for Progress, Peace Corps, Weapons Programs, Green Berets, NASA

1. Berlin – 1961 – The Wall

2. Cuba

- Bay of Pigs – 1961, Cuban Exiles and the CIA

- Cuban Missile Crisis –10/12 –U2 Photos, Naval Quarantine, 10/24 – Agreement

3. Vietnam – North Vietnam and Viet Cong -Increased to 15000 troops – Buddhist protests + Assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem

August 1964 – 2 US Destroyers – Gulf of Tonkin

- Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – “all measures necessary to prevent aggression and protect American troops in Southeast Asia” – Blank Check

1965 – Pleiku Military Base – 8 Americans

- Bombing of the North and troops to 100,000 – by 1968 500,000

Fighting the War –

- The Enemy: NVA, Viet Cong and Guerilla Warfare, Ho Chi Minh Trail

- Tactics: 1. Supply lines – Bombings, Agent Orange, Napalm, and Chemical Warfare

2. Find and defeat the enemy: Pacification and

Relocation

By 1968: Light at the end of the tunnel?

- Are we winning? – 50,000 casualties

- Frustration amongst Soldiers

- Student Protests

- New Left – SDS and the Weathermen

- Counterculture- Folk Music + Woodstock

– Draft Card Burnings, Peace Marches (Pentagon)

- 26th Amendment

January 1968-Tet Offensive – 27 US Bases

Johnson’s Announcement -March 31, 1968

The Election of 1968American Society in the late 1960sDemocratic Party -

- Lyndon B. Johnson - Withdrew- Robert Kennedy - Assassinated June 1968- Eugene McCarthy- Hubert Humphrey- Democratic National Convention - Chicago 1968 - Antiwar Demonstrations and

RiotsRepublican Party – “had enough?”

- Richard Nixon - The Silent Majority - Middle America and Peace with Honor in Vietnam

American Independence Party - - George Wallace – Return to State Power

1. The Economy – Stagflation- Inflation and Recession- Deficit Spending and OPEC

- Yom Kippur War and Embargo- First tried to fix inflation - Cut spending, raised

interest rates, cut $ supply- Later tried to help recession - Raised spending,

cut interest rates, raised $ supply2. Welfare State

- Dismantled OEO, Family Assistance Plan3. Civil Rights - Refused to support busing or

mandatory integration4. Rachel Carson and Silent Spring - 1970 EPA –

Clean Air and Clean Water Act

Vietnam – “Peace with Honor”

- Vietnamization – 60,000 Troops - 1970 – Invasion of Cambodia,

- Pentagon Papers, Lt. William Calley + My Lai Massacre

- Kent State- 5/4/70 - 4 Students, Jackson State – 2 Students

- January 27, 1973 – Cease Fire Agreement

- Results – 58,000, $150 Billion

- Fall of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia to Communism

- War Powers Act Détente – China 1971

- USSR – 1972 – Trade + SALT I

-June 16, 1972 – Democratic National Headquarters – Watergate break-in

- Nixon claims it is a “Bizarre Incident” and is reelected in November

- Washington Post Reporters - CREEP

- Jan ‘73–Trials – James McCord’s Confession

- Special Prosecutor– Senate Investigation

- White House Tapes + Saturday Night Massacre- Vice President Spiro Agnew Resigns- US v. Nixon – Executive Privilege- August 1974 – Tapes and Resignation- Lessons Learned- Political Apathy