Today is Wednesday,December 16th, 2015

Pre-Class:Today we are reviewing.

Have your questions ready!

Today’s Agenda

• Review• Review• Diapers?• Review

Review Game Rules

• I will ask a question to the class.• Each participant (that’s you) writes down the

answer silently.– Not each group…each individual.

• After a few moments, I will say, “Compare answers.”

• Each of you will look at what the other wrote.

Review Game Rules

• Did you each get the right answer?– 2 points.

• Did one of you get the right answer?– 1 point.

• Neither of you?– For shame. 0 points.– And eternal guilt.

Review Game Rules

• The List of Do Nots:– Do not talk to each other, make noises, gesture,

give answers (my discretion here) between when the question has been read and when I say, “Compare answers.”• Doing so will result in a disqualification for that round.

Don’t believe me? Try it.

– Do not fall asleep when I’m getting scores.• If you’re not paying attention, I’m not giving you points.

Review Question 1

• When completing a dihybrid Punnett square and distributing potential allele combinations across the top and side of the 4x4 square, you are actually illustrating which of Mendel's laws?– The Law of Independent Assortment.

Review Question 2

• A chin cleft (“butt chin”) appears to have at least some genetic component. However, in order to even have a hope of a chin cleft, a person needs to also have genes for a strong chin (no one with a weak chin seems to have a chin cleft). This effect is best summarized by what concept?– Epistasis.

Review Question 3

• Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism, whereas acromegaly is a disorder in which many parts of the body grow too much. Since these are effectively just one gene each, yet affect many conditions around the body, this is considered what kind of gene expression?– Pleiotropy.

Review Question 4

• What type of mutation process causes Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and other trisomic/monosomic disorders?– Nondisjunction.

Review Question 5

• If, during the process of metaphase (or metaphase I/II), the spindle fibers attach to the wrong chromosome(s) and thus pull an incorrect number to each side of the soon-to-be daughter cell, what mutation process has occurred?– Nondisjunction.

Review Question 6

• In a cross of XxYYZZ and xxYyZz, what is the likelihood of an offspring with genotype xxYyZz?• 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 = 0.125 or 12.5% or 1/8.

Review Question 7

• If you were to inhibit the ability of kinetochores to form, what phase of mitosis/meiosis would be most affected?– Metaphase and Metaphase I/II – when the mitotic

spindle fibers attach to the centromeres at the kinetochore prior to pulling them apart.

Review Question 8

• BONUS NON-BIOLOGY QUESTION• You may wager any/all of your points.• Category: The Internet

• Created by the original owners of the site, what was the name of the first video uploaded to YouTube?– “me at the zoo”

Review Question 9

• Looking through a microscope, you see a cell with a visible nucleus but no visible chromosomes. What phase of the cell cycle is it in?– Interphase.

Review Question 10

• Plant/fungus cells and animal cells undergo two different cytokinetic processes. Each one forms a unique structure or shape prior to division. What are those two structures/shapes called?– Cleavage furrow and cell plate.

Review Question 11

• A challenge to growing cells in culture (in a lab) is the fact that they often don’t grow very well even without many neighbors. Instead, they need very particular surfaces on which to grow. Cells in culture that don’t divide much, yet are not in G0, are therefore likely exhibiting what property?– Anchorage dependence.

Review Question 12

• During the cell cycle, what regulatory protein’s concentration rises and falls with each phase? Which protein maintains a constant concentration?– Cyclin concentrations rise and fall; Cdk

concentration remains constant.

Review Question 13

• A chromosome loses a large section of its DNA during cell division. What TWO mutations could have occurred?– Deletion or translocation.

Review Question 14

• Mendel observed seven traits in pea plants that varied between only two forms. For example, flowers were either purple or white but were never pink or spotted. What type of inheritance is this?– Complete dominance (or simple inheritance).

Review Question 15

• BONUS NON-BIOLOGY QUESTION• You may wager any/all of your points.• Category: The United States

• Pennsylvania is technically a commonwealth, which doesn’t really mean anything other than suggesting it has nothing to do with having been a colony. Virginia and Massachusetts were also colonies at one time and each are also commonwealths. There is only one other commonwealth in the United States and it was not a colony. Which state is it?– Kentucky.

Review Question 16

• What causes a pair of genes to be considered linked?– They’re inherited together/are located near one

another on the same chromosome.

Review Question 17

• If genes aren’t linked, they’re frequently separate from one another (Law of Segregation) as a result of which process?– Crossing over (synapsis).

Review Question 18

• What term is used to describe either the two resulting nuclei during telophase or the two resulting cells from mitosis?– “Daughter.”

Review Question 19

• Two chromatids make a chromosome. Two chromosomes make a…– …tetrad, as in what forms during prophase I.

Review Question 20

• A human somatic cell in metaphase has how many centromeres?• 46, since there are 46 chromosomes.

Review Question 21

• Suppose a cell prior to meiosis copies its DNA and now has 10 “units” of DNA. After it completes meiosis I, the two resulting daughter cells will have ___ units of DNA. After they complete meiosis II, they each will have ___ units of DNA.• 5; 2.5.

Review Question 22

• Independent assortment occurs in which step of meiosis?– Metaphase I.

Review Question 23

• In humans, diploid spermatocytes lead to haploid sperm which fuse with ova to become diploid…what?– Zygotes.

Review Question 24

• BONUS NON-BIOLOGY QUESTION• You may wager any/all of your points.• Category: Magic

• What was the cause of death for popular magician Harry Houdini?– A punch to the gut. After publicly proclaiming that he

could withstand any punch, an amateur boxer approached him backstage, surprised him with a punch, and hit him repeatedly. He died several days later.

Review Question 25

• Chromatids begin to separate during mitosis as a result of a surge in concentration of what protein?– APC (Anaphase-Promoting Complex)

Review Question 26

• After performing a cross in fruit flies, you find that a certain trait appears in exclusively male offspring. What would be the most likely explanation?– The trait is X-linked (sex-linked).

Review Question 27

• What’s a Barr body?– A deactivated X chromosome.

Review Question 28

• Achondroplasia is caused by a dominant allele and follows a lethal dominant inheritance pattern – individuals that receive two dominant alleles often do not survive to birth, let alone reproduction. If a male with achondroplasia reproduces with a normal female, what is the likelihood their second offspring will also have achondroplasia?– 50%.

Review Question 29

• A couple has had five female babies in a row and the mother is now pregnant again. What is the likelihood she has a girl?– 50%.

Review Question 30

• Cyclin bonds to Cdk and forms a structure known as what?– MPF (maturation promoting factor).– I will also accept “mitosis promoting factor.”