Post on 25-Dec-2014
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Transitioning to organic production of sheep and goats
SUSAN SCHOENIANSheep & Goat SpecialistWestern Maryland Research & Education Centersschoen@umd.edu - www.sheepandgoat.com
What is organic?
• Organic refers to the way agricultural products—food and fiber—are grown and processed.
• "Certified Organic" means the item has been grown according to strict uniform standards that are verified by independent state or private organizations.
Organic certification
• In order to sell agricultural products in the United States as organic, they must be grown, handled, processed, and labeled in accordance with the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Organic Program (NOP) standards.
• If you produce more than $5,000 worth of organic products each year,your operation must be certified by a USDA-accredited organic certifying agent.
• There are two cost-sharing programs for organic certification.
Organic livestock standards
• Has been harder to define organic standards for livestock.
▫ Differences in species.
▫ Disagreements about animal health and welfare.
▫ More issues (?).
▫ Open to interpretation.
▫ Fear of commercialization.
Organic sheep and goats
• Not many sheep and goats in the U.S. are certified organic. Why?
? Standards are written more for mainstream animal agriculture than sheep and goats.
? Conventional sheep and goat production has a better public image than poultry, dairy, beef, and pork production
? There is less of a demand for certified organic sheep and goat products. 1. Low demand for all products2. Demand is mostly ethnic
Certified organic livestock, 2008
Other animals 6,860
Sheep 7,445
Beef cows 63,680
Other cattle 144,817
Dairy cows 249,766
Hogs and pigs 10,111
Poultry 15,518,075
Organic sheep and goats
It is harder to raise sheep and goats organically than other animals.
Example: controlling internal parasites (worms)
Fiber production is not addressed in much detail in NOP standards.
• No standards for fiber processing.
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Organic sheep and lambs
Why go organic?
Non-economicEconomic
• Because organic standards match your philosophy of agricultural production.
• Organic is one of the fastest growing sectors of the food and agricultural industry.
• Retail consumer sales have been growing 20% per year.
• Consumers are willing to pay premium prices for certified organic products.
Is organic going to be profitable?
Higher market prices
Organic farms were (on average) more profitable than the average of all farms in the U.S. (in 2008), according to results of the first-ever federal census of organic agriculture.
Higher costs
and/or lower
production
Do a business plan.
Before going organic
• Decide which part of your sheep and/or goat enterprise is going to be organic: meat, milk, and/or fiber.
• Identify a source of organic feed, supplements, and bedding.
• Find a veterinarian who will treat organic livestock.
• Identify a processing plant that is certified for organic slaughter.
• Identify potential market(s) for your organic meat, milk, or fiber.
USDA Organic Standards for livestock
1. Origin of livestock
2. Pasture and living conditions
3. Feeding
4. Health care
5. Management
6. Transport and slaughter
Origins of livestockREQUIRED
• Sheep and goats sold for organic meat must be raised under organic management from the last third of gestation through slaughter.
• Fiber-producing animals must be fed and managed organically from the last third of gestation.
• In order to sell organic milk, all production animals must be fed and managed organically for the previous 12 months.
Origins of livestockALLOWED
PROHIBITED
• Rams and bucks do not need to be certified organic unless they will be sold as slaughter animals or used for fiber production.
• The offspring from females that are used to produce organic milk (or fiber) do not need to be raised organically.
• Organic breeding animals cannot be brought in and out of organic production.
Pasture and living conditions
ALLOWED
PROHIBITED• Temporary confinement• Feeding areas (yards, pads,
and lots) during non-grazing season.
• Continuous, total confinement
REQUIRED
• Access to outdoors• Assess to pasture
• Minimum of 30 percent of DMI from grazing for at least 120 days in a calendar year.
• Access to shade or shelter
VERIFIAB
LE
Pasture management
ALLOWED
PROHIBITED
• Lime (naturally-mined)• Organic fertilizers,
including animal manures (with certain restrictions).
• Organic pesticides
• Synthetic fertilizers• Synthetic pesticides• Sewage sludge (biosolids)• Residues of prohibited
substances exceeding 5% of EPA tolerance.
REQUIRED
• 36-month transition period• Organic seeds or plants• Crop rotation• Plant biodiversity• Buffer zones
Housing
ALLOWED
PROHIBITED
• Temporary confinement
• Non-organic bedding• Overcrowding
REQUIRED
• Express natural behavior• Minimum space• Ventilation, fresh air• Lighting• Bedding
• Adequate• Organic
• Edible or chewable• Non-edible or chewable
Feeding
REQUIRED
PROHIBITED
• 100 percent organic[certificate of organic status]
• Organic milk replacer
• Non-organic feed or feed additives.
• Non-organic vitamin and mineral supplements
• Animal by-products• Urea or NPN• GMOs
ALLOWED
• Natural minerals• Natural vitamins• DFM - probiotics
Health care
REQUIRED
• Preventative health care practices:
▫ Selection of appropriate species and breed of livestock
▫ Meet nutritional requirements
▫ Appropriate housing, pasture conditions, and sanitation practices.
▫ Freedom of movement, exercise
Health careALLOWED
• Natural therapies• Homeopathic remedies• Approved vaccines• Sample of other approved
materials1) Disinfectants2) Electrolytes3) Glucose4) Dextrose5) Iodine6) Baking soda 7) Oxytocin (muscle relaxant)8) Poloxalene (anti-bloat)9) Aspirin (anti-inflammatory)
Health care PROHIBITED
• Therapeutic antibiotics[Penicillin, LA-200, terramycin]
• Sub-therapeutic antibiotics[coccidiostats, oxytetraclines]
• Hormones (except oxytocin)• Anthelmintics (dewormers)
[Exception: Ivermectin may be administered to breeding stock, except during their last third of pregnancy.]
• Many conventional treatments[e.g. propylene glycol]
• Withholding medical treatment to preserve the organic status of an animal is prohibited.
However, if an animal is treated with a prohibited material, it cannot be sold as organic.
ManagementALLOWED PROHIBITED
• Physical alternation[judicious and humane]
• Artificial insemination Timed Laparoscopic [?]
• Livestock guardians• Herding dogs [?]
• Growth promotants (Ralgro®)
• Hormonal manipulation of reproduction (e.g. CIDRs).
• Embryo transfer
REQUIRED
• Individual animal identification
• Detailed record keeping
Transport and slaughter
ALLOWED
PROHIBITED
• Sell live animal as organic• Religious slaughter
• Non-organic slaughter
REQUIRED
• Low-stress transport [?]• Organic slaughter
[certified slaughterhouse]
Timeline for transitioning to organic
36 monthsProhibited materials
last applied
Certifiedorganic pasture
Organic slaughter
Organic fiberConceptio
nBirt
hFirst 2/3
gestation
Last 1/3 gestatio
n
LAND
ANIMALS
Adapted from ATTRA: Pastures: going organic
12 months Organic dairy
Selection of breeding stock for organic production
1. Land resource• Improved pasture• Woodland, browse• Predator risk• Fencing
2. Intended markets• Meat• Milk• Fiber• Other
3. Adaptability • Climate • Diseases• Production system
Type of grazing landSHEEP GOATS
• Type of ruminant: roughage eater
• Feeding behavior:intermediate
• Diet selection:Forbs grass
• Type of ruminant:intermediate
• Feeding behavior: browser
• Diet selection:Browse grass
Both species are susceptible to predation and require excellent fencing.
Intended markets• Sheep and goat breeds tend to
excel in the production of either meat, milk, or fiber, seldom more than one.
• There are no “best” breeds. Each breed has characteristics which make it suitable or unsuitable for a particular use or production system.
• Crossbreeding balances the traits of different breeds and results in “hybrid vigor.” It is the recommended breeding practice.
Adaptability - climate
• Breeds that evolved or were developed in similar climates will be best-adapted to Virginia and similar places.
Sheep Medium wool sheep Hair sheep
Goats Indigenous goats Kiko Dairy
In general, goats are less-adapted to warm, moist
climates than sheep.
Adaptability - disease resistance• Hoof problems
▫ There are differences between and within breeds with regards to hoof growth and health.
• Internal parasites▫ There are between species,
between breed, and within breed differences with regards to resistance to internal parasites.
• Scrapie▫ Individual differences: genotype
determines susceptibility of animal.
Breeds more resistant to parasitesSHEEP
GOATS [ ? less data]
• Hair sheep (tropical origin)St. Croix Barbados BlackbellyKatahdin
• Gulf Coast or Florida Native • Kiko
• Indigenous goats▫ Myotonic▫ Spanish or brush
Adaptability – production system
Intensive or semi-intensive
Low intensity (mostly forage)
• Large-to-medium frame size
• Higher reproductive rate• Higher milk production• Higher growth potential
• Small-to-medium frame size• Low to moderate
reproductive rate.• Low to moderate milk
production• Good mothering ability• Good foraging ability• Low to moderate growth rate• Parasite resistance
What about rare, heritage, and primitive breeds?May be particularly well-suited to forage-based organic production systems.
St. Croix Myotonic
Forage-based livestock production
• Conventional sheep and goat farming is already largely forage-based, especially in Virginia.
• Concentrates and other supplements are fed to meet the nutritional deficiencies of forage diets.▫ Late gestation▫ Lactation▫ Growth
• Supplemental feeding is also used to increase productivity ($)▫ Milk production▫ Growth rates
The biggest difference is how lambs and kids are fed for market
GRAIN (+ FORAGE) GRAZING
• Earlier weaning • Faster growth rates• Shorter time to market• Heavier carcasses• Reduced parasitism• Reduced predator risk
• Fatter carcasses• Better “quality” meat• Less omega-3 fatty acids
[?]
• Later weaning• Slower growth rates• Longer time to market• Lighter carcasses• Increased parasitism• Increased predator risk• Less expensive [?]
• Leaner carcasses• More omega-3 fatty acids
[?]
Choosing the right genetics for pasture finishing
• Pasture will more easily meet the nutritional needs of early-maturing lambs vs. late maturing.
• Pasture will more easily meet the nutritional needs of meat-type and indigenous goat breeds than dairy kids.
• In addition, some breeds are better-adapted to pasture-rearing.
The biggest challenge in organic management of sheep and goats will be dealing with internal parasites.
Sheep and goats can be potentially infected by many internal parasites.
HELMINTHS
Haemonchus contortusBARBER POLE WORM
• Nematodes - roundworms▫ Strongyle-type
Haemonchus contortus Trichostrongylus Teladorsagia
▫ Lung▫ Meningeal
• Cestodes - tapeworms• Trematodes - flukes
ABOMASUM
Causes of parasite problems
LESS PROBLEMS MORE PROBLEMS
• Sheep• Resistant breeds• Resistant animals• Mature animals• Dry animals• Zero grazing• Supplementation• Low stocking rates• Winter, early spring, late
fall
• Goats• Susceptible breeds• Susceptible animals• Young animals• Lactating females• High producers• Pastured animals• High stocking rates• Summer
Traditional control of parasites has relied heavily on anti-parasitic drugs.
ANTHELMINTICS DEWORMERS
Has led to widespread
anthelmintic resistance and is
not allowed
under organic standards.
Integrated parasite management (IPM)
SELECTIVE DEWORMING
with FAMACHA©• Pasture management• Grazing management• Nutritional supplementation• Zero grazing• Management• Genetic selection• Doing fecal egg counts• Effective anthelmintic use• Strategic deworming• Testing for drug resistance
Controlling parasites with pasture and grazing management
• Low stocking rates• Rotational grazing with
sufficient rest periods• Leader-follower system• Mixed or multi-species
grazing• Clean pastures• Minimum grazing heights• Taller forages• Forage legumes• Tanniferous forages• Bioactive forages• Browsing
What about natural “anthelmintics?”
• An anthelmintic acts to expel or destroy parasitic worms.
• Using this definition, there aren’t any consistantly effective “natural” anthelmintics.
• An animal that is clinically parasitized should be treated with a “chemical” dewormer.
Withholding medical treatment to preserve the organic status of an animal is prohibited.
Bottle jaw
What about natural “anthelmintics?”
• They may not treat a clinically-parasitized animal, but they may reduce the number of animals that require treatment.
▫ Disruption of parasite life cycle (on pasture) Eat larvae or eggs Inhibit larvae development Inhibit egg hatching
▫ Strengthening of the immune system.
An increasing number of scientific studies are being conducted to identify compounds which may have anthelmintic-like properties. Current claims are
largely antidotal.
Anthelmintic-like properties
• Herbal dewormers [oils and seeds]▫ Artemisia genus (Wormword)
▫ Garlic Papaya▫ Paprika Ginger▫ Pumpkin Mustard
• Condensed tannins Sericea lespedeza
• Nematode-trapping fungus• Copper oxide wire particles
[?]
• Copper sulfate• Tobacco (nicotine sulfate) Sericea lespedeza
Copper oxide wire particles (COWP)Currently not approved for worm control in organic production
• Repackage copper supplement for cattle into smaller doses to treat lambs and kids for adult infections with the barber pole worm.
As little as 0.5 g Up to 5 g (for adults)
Though researchers haven’t experienced any issues with copper toxicity in sheep, the risk should always be considered.
Sericea lespedeza• Warm season legume that
contains condensed tannins.
▫ Reduces pasture contamination by reducing fecal egg count and development of larvae into infective stage (L3).
▫ Animals consuming sericea lespedeza have higher packed cell volumes and fewer abomasal worms.
• Efficacy not affected by form:1) Grazed forage2) Harvested hay3) Leaf-meal pellet
What about coccidia?Another common and potentially deadly internal parasite
• Single-cell protozoa▫ Host-specific ▫ Sheep and goats affected
by Eimeria spp.
• Damages lining of small intestines.
• Common symptoms: scours (diarrhea) and ill-thrift.
• Adults animals are mostly immune, but serve as reservoir for infection.
Prevention of clinical coccidiosisCONVENTIONAL ORGANIC
• Coccidiostats in mineral, feed, and/or water.
Bovatec® Rumensin®
Deccox®
Corid• Treat with Corid or sulfa
antibiotics.
organic methods
• Adequate colostrum intake• Good
sanitation/management▫ Dry bedding▫ Clean, well-designed
feeders▫ Overcrowding/stocking▫ Pasture congregation
• Natural therapy: garlic (?)
PROHIBIT
ED
Marketing organic food
1. Direct to the consumer Farmer’s markets CSAs On-farm store Mail order/internet Whole carcasses
2. Retail Grocery store chains Co-ops Regional grocery stores
3. Food service Upscale restaurants Restaurant chains
Marketing direct to consumers• Tell consumers what’s
different about your product that they can’t get in the local grocery store.▫To make specific
nutritional claims, get samples tested at a lab.
• Tell your “story” to consumers.
• Provide cooking instructions.
Thank you for your attention.