Post on 17-Dec-2015
transcript
TRP Chapter 6.7 2
Evolution of a hazardous waste management system
IMPLEMENTATION & ENFORCEMENT
LEGISLATION
SUPPORTSERVICES
FACILITIES
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
STAKEHOLDERS
Source: David C Wilson 1993, 1999
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How to begin developing a hazardous waste management
system?
First: • Understand how HWM systems are put together• Compare and contrast different national
approaches• Understand the existing local systemThen: • Choose the ‘best of the rest’ from around the
world• Adapt these to local needs and circumstances• Build a unique local system
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How easy will the journey be for a developing economy?
Advantage: ability to learn from experience and mistakes of industrialised countries in last 20-25 years
Disadvantages: •lack of funds•lack of awareness •lack of skills •lack of infrastructure
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The implementation conundrum
High costs exacerbate problem eg Hong Kong facility cost >US $150 million Finance:•beyond capacity of most governments in developing economies•needs to come from private sector or international lending body •needs government assurance
No hazardous waste treatment facilities = no controls over hazardous waste generators
No controls = no waste to treatment facilities
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Taking the first stepsLong lead time: timeframe between recognising problem and having treatment and disposal facility for hazardous wastes is 5-10 years
Need to win political support for:• imposing extra burden on industry• siting facility• carrying out EIA • obtaining planning permission • dealing with local opposition (not-in-my-back-yard or
NIMBY syndrome)
It is better to do something now than to investigate for too long
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Useful first steps
• Document and quantify problem• Designate and train responsible staff• Control water pollution and solid wastes• Introduce interim treatment/disposal measures• Address early measures for waste minimisation• Raise public/political awareness• Obtain appropriate independent advice
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Transitional Technologies used by industrialised countries 1
Source: David C Wilson 1993
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Transitional technologies used by industrialised countries 2
No longer available:•dumping at sea•incineration at sea•export to developed countries for treatment and disposal - increasingly more difficult under the terms of the Basel Convention
•co-disposal of hazardous wastes with municipal solid wastes
•already banned in many countries •being phased out under the terms of EU Landfill Directive
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Advantages of transitional technologies
• Identification of waste generators• Raised awareness• Improved information for planning• Experience for managers and control staff• Reduced temptation to dispose improperly
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Overcoming the disadvantages of transitional technologies
• Set firm deadlines on use• Segregate wastes• Control after-use• Maintain good operational control• Keep records• Ban imports
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Examples of transitional technologies1 Short term measures
• Export
• Encapsulation
• Solar evaporation
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Examples of transitional technologies2 Low cost longer term measures
•Waste avoidance and minimisation
•Simple chemical treatment
•Fuel blending for cement kiln incineration
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Examples of transitional technologies3 Medium term measures
• Co-combustion in existing furnaces
• Co-disposal in municipal solid waste
landfill sites
• Simple cement-based solidification
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Export (to a developed country)
Only acceptable:
•In the short term
•On a small scale
•To properly managed and operated ‘high tech’ facilities
Example: PCBs for high temperature incineration from Middle East to UK
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Encapsulation
• Short term option only• Suitable for high hazard waste• Pack securely in metal drums• Cast in fours in metal drums• Label, keep records
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Solar evaporation
• Useful for drying aqueous sludges• Use depends on climate and season
• Strictly as short term option, in isolated areas under controlled conditions, has been used for small quantities of volatile organic solvents eg Arabian desert
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Co-combustion in existing industrial furnaces
• Beware air pollution problems• Do not use in domestic boilers• Do not use in cooking• Use in industrial boilers with care• Best option is use in cement kiln
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Co-disposal• Controlled mixing of selected hazardous wastes in
sanitary landfill
• Aims at biodegradation of organic constituents in
hazardous waste
• Can also attentuate concentrations of non-organic
constituents
Requirements:
– Proper sanitary landfill for MSW
– Good management and control
– Restricted range of acceptable wastes
– Restricted loading rates
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Cement-based solidification -case studies
Brisbane, Australia: Simple solidification in clay cells at a landfill site • facility in operation since 1982 • solidification of liquid hazardous wastes with fly ash and
cement kiln dust• wastes treated in clay cells in a separate area at landfill
Cape Town, South Africa: Incorporation of tetraethyl lead (TEL) sludges in concrete• special precautions to protect workers • blended concrete used for road on landfill site• process carried out during dry summer months
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Simple physico-chemical treatment
• Physico-chemical treatment is part of a long-term solution
• Technologies are simple and cost-effective• Easy to operate and maintain• Simplest plants use batch operation
• GOOD TRAINING AND SUPERVISION ARE ESSENTIAL
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Simple physico-chemical treatment - case study
Bangkok treatment facility
Source: David C Wilson
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Co-combustion in cement kilns
•Can be used as interim treatment method while dedicated waste treatment facilities being developed, as well as a long term solution
•Useful in countries with established cement industry, operational cement kilns
•Offers reduced fuel costs for cement production•Large capacity•Suited for various waste types Constraints: • lack of trained personnel •concerns of cement kiln operators •cost and sophistication of trial burns • lack of detailed technical data on each facility •anxiety about accident risks•about accident risks
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How to move from transitional solutions to long term ones
•Ensure the use of short and medium term solutions are brought to an end by imposing a time limit
•Tighten permit conditions gradually
•Use landfill fees to fund new technologies
•Make sure the public is aware of the issues
•Landfill has a strategic role during the transition
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Chapter 6.7 Summary• Developing an integrated hazardous waste
management system is complex, takes time, money and political support
• Developing economies have advantages and disadvantages, but need to start somewhere
• Transitional technologies offer solutions but have drawbacks
• Some are short term, some medium term
• Some longer term, but low cost
• Need to move gradually from transitional technolgies to long term ones