UNIT 1 BIOCHEMISTRY UA. What is Biology? Bio = lifeology = the science of Biology = the science of...

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UNIT 1 BIOCHEMISTRY

What is Biology?

Bio = life ology = the science of Biology = the science of life!

What is “life” made of?

All living things need 6 essential elements:

CHNOPS Carbon

Hydrogen NitrogenOxygenPhosphorousSulfur

Life is organic

All life is organic (contains BOTH Carbon and Hydrogen)

Biotic vs. abiotic

Abiotic: non-living

Soil Rocks Sunlight Water

Biotic:living Animals Plants Bacteria Fungi Protists

Biological molecules (macromolecules)

Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic acid Protein

Macromolecule structure

All macromolecules are BIG! Made of small pieces or subunits called

monomers.

Many put together = polymer.

monomer

monomer monomer monomer monomer

Carbohydrates – sugars!

Composed of: CHO in a 1:2:1 ratio Monomer: monosaccharide (mono means one)

2 = disaccharide 3 or more = polysaccharide

Function: Immediate energy, cell structure Examples: glucose, sucrose, glycogen, starch,

cellulose. How to identify: Looks like a ring

Carbohydrates – sugars!

cellulose fibers in plant cell wall

H bond

monosaccharide disaccharide

polysaccharide

Lipids – fats!

Composed of: CHO Monomer: glycerol and three fatty acids Function: Long term energy storage Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids How to identify: long chains of carbon and

hydrogen (can have rings too).

Cholesterol (a steroid)

Lipids – fats!

Saturated fats: Come from animals. No double bonds between

carbons. Difficult to break down.

Unsaturated fats: Come from plants. Double bonds between carbons. Easier to break down. Trans fatty acids have been

artificially hydrogenated to make them more solid.

Phospholipids

Plasma membrane of a cell

inside of cell

outside of cell

O O–phosphategroup

fatty acids

Phospholipid structure

polar head

glycerol

nonpolar tails

Phospholipids make up the cell membrane.

Polar (charged) head likes water (hydrophilic).

Non-polar (uncharged) tail hates water (hydrophobic)

Nucleic Acids

Composed of: CHONP

Monomer: nucleotide

Function: store and pass genetic information Examples: DNA and RNA

How to identify: A nucleotide has 3 parts!

Proteins

Composed of: CHON Monomer: amino acid

R-group makes them unique

Function: make cell parts and carry out chemical reactions Examples: enzymes, hemoglobin, melanin,

keratin, insulin How to identify: each amino acid has a N!

Proteins

Proteins are chains of amino acids that fold up into a specific shape. Shape determines function!

Amino acids

Enzymes (special proteins)

Enzymes make reactions go faster! Catalyst – substance that speeds up a reaction.

Lower activation energy – energy required to cause a reaction.

Enzymes can synthesize or breakdown molecules. Important terms: substrate, product, enzyme-substrate complex,

active site

substrate

enzyme enzymeEnzyme-substrate complex

active site

products

Example: Catalase in liver. Catalase breaks down harmful hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen!

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Catalase CatalaseEnzyme-substrate complex

active site

H2O and O2

Characteristics of enzymes: Specific substrate

Specific temperature If they are heated too much they unfold =

denature!

Specific pH

Specific shape

Reusable

Water can separate to make ions. OHHOH 2

Increasin

creasing

hydrochloric acid (HCI)

stomach acid

lemon juice

Coca-Cola, beer, vinegar

tomatoes

black coffee

pure water, tears

seawater

baking soda, stomach antacids

Great Salt Lake

household ammonia

bicarbonate of soda

oven cleaner

sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

normal rainwater

saliva

human blood

milk of magnesia

[OH–]

neutral pH[H+] =

[OH–]

Base Acid

Hydrogen ionHydroxide ionWater

Buffer: Keeps pH stable (we have a buffer in our blood).

UNIT 1 BIOCHEMISTRY UA. What is Biology? Bio = lifeology = the science of Biology = the science of...

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