Post on 24-Feb-2016
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Unit I:Italian & German Unification
What forces were unleashed by the Napoleonic Wars?
Nationalism
• single language • single culture• single ethnic group• well-defined territory• sense of a shared past• sense of a shared
destiny• common enemy
How can nationalism be both a positive and negative attribute?
Liberalism“Free from restraint”• religious toleration • constitutional monarchy • limited suffrage• freedom of press, speech & assembly• no arbitrary arrest
J.S. Mill - On Liberty• tyranny of the majority
On the Subjugation of Women• legal subordination of women is wrong
John Stuart Mill
19th c ConservatismConservatism arose in reaction to liberalism; became a popular alternative for those frightened by the violence unleashed by the French Revolution.
Conservatives believed in order, the state, faith and tradition.
Support for conservatism:• traditional ruling class AND peasants
Marxism1846 – Communist Manifesto• Friedrich Engels & Karl Marx
• violent “class struggle” would lead to socialism
• Anti-nationalism
• Anti-religion
Engels
Marx
1848
France – the Junes Days brought Louise Napoleon to power as President of the 2nd Republic
Prussia – Frankfurt Assembly provided for universal male suffrage & no censorship; liberals divided over unification
Austria – ethnic tensions (Hungarians) forced Metternich out; Russians put down
Italy – Mazzini’s Young Italy movement crushed by Austria & France; liberals divided
Barricades in Paris
Revolutions in 1848
Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People
German Confederation
The Crimean War1854-56: Britain & France against Russia• commercial interests in the Eastern Mediterranean• power vacuum in the Balkans
Legacy:• Russia humiliated, Austria isolated & Britain disillusioned• F. Nightingale & nursing• set the stage for Italian & German unification Charge of the Light Brigade
Florence Nightingale
What were the obstacles to Italian unification in 1848?
Italian Unification1848: Mazzini’s Young Italy
failed; the Piedmont’s Cavour took the lead
1859: Cavour made a deal w/ France, unified the north, but then Napoleon III backed out
1860: Garibaldi’s Red Shirts took control of the Two Sicilies & headed north
1866: Venetia from Austria
1870: Rome from France
Count Camillo Cavour Giuseppi Garibaldi
Compare and contrast the roles of Cavour and Garibaldi.
What were the obstacles to German unification in 1848?
German Confederation
German Unification1848: Frankfurt Assembly failed• Prussia took the lead• Hapsburgs kept liberals divided• Zollverein helped economy prosper
1861: Bismarck appointed chancellor• a Junker and former ambassador• an opportunist; embraced Realpolitik• an authoritarian who “bent” laws
1864: Danish War• annexed Schleswig-Holstein
1866: Austro-Prussian War• formed North German Confederation
Otto von Bismarck
Zollverein, 1834
German Unification
Napoleon III & Bismarck at Sedan
1870: Franco-Prussian War• Bavaria had Catholic (French)
roots; Ems Dispatch
• France humiliated; 5 billion in reparations, lost Alsace- Lorraine and forced a weak Third Republic
• Germany was united; France was left seething for revenge!
German soldiers “abusing” the French
Napoleon III & Bismarck at Sedan
Wilhelm I’s Coronation of the Second Reich at Versailles
German Imperial Flag