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transcript
T.. ..
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An Octm1942
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:. NATIONAL
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ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
w’Amm!!lim lm?f)m’ORIGINALLY ISSIED
October 1942 asAdvance Restricted Report
AN lNVESTIGATliON OF AIRCRAFT HEATERS
II - PROPERTIES OF GASES
By Myron Tribus and L. M. K. BoelterUniversity of California
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WASHNGTON .. ..-. -.
NACA WARTIME REPORTS are reprints of papers originally Issued tu provide rapid dlst@utkm ofadvance research results toenauthorisedgroup requiring them for the war eHort. They mre pre-vloualy held under a security statue but are now uncbaesifled. Some of these rqxmte were not tech-nically edited. All have been reproduced without change In order to expedite general diatributlon.
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https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930092962 2018-05-24T19:50:54+00:00Z
l!UTICt?ULAIJVImY CCUITTME
Aromas RmQmTim
AN IMVZSTIUTIOMW ‘MRWT” ~8
II - RE@ERTIXS OY GA-
BY mm zribusand& K Is.Boelter
A list of properties of the following pure ~ses andalr uhioh are pertinent to airplane heat trantier OaMila-tions hafdbees qiled from the literature for the temper-ature range encountered In drplaae operatim
Air
Eydrogen
ll$itrogen
w&-
krbon Uoxide ‘
Carbon monoaide
The prup-ertiesof e-ust eses of -lou~ oonrpositlonearenot available to the authore, but it is suggested that theproperties of txtrbe utilized for exhaust es calculationsuntil more exaot data are made available~
The reader must be oautiomd that when uttlizlng gexi-eralisedheat tranafer mquations or their gzamhloal mun-terpart, the phydoal properties whioh were employed by theeqerimenter must be mabetituted into the generalised -preesione In order that the prqper ~tude of the un3tconduotanoe till reeulh
Sn43aGs
~ unit heat orgaoity at
Cv Un$t heat Oqyxolty at
fk
‘atio ‘f ~ - 3-
constant .pretaeure,Btq/lb 9
oomtantVOIWM,13tu/lb~
g q ft/hr mee
— —. —
~vltaticmal for& per unit mass, ~
thermal Conduotitity, Btu
%?()brft2-ft
tesprature (abs..),%
absolute vlsooslty, lb seo/ft2
p C$ioo g)hadtl modulus,--~
k
ratio, k
(%?’5
v q3600 d
The datapreseatedherein represent 4he work of manyexperimenters.
The values for specific heats were taken direotlyfrom &eck (reference 1) and converted to the engineeringstem of unit% The original work of Eeok extends fkom
%1 ~ to ~l+oo F and 1E probably the best obtainable. Itis based ~cn ~ectmo scopic measurementso
Williams (reference 2) has shown that, if Sutherlandts
fequations (re erence 3) for the viscosity of a -S holde,a plot of T3#2/w against T ehmld give a strcight line.When such plots were ccndmuoted, it was found that all thegaBoe except 4*ogen yielded r &t liaes. Pom hydrogen
$)37it ma found that the ratio Y u was oonstnnt withinthe auouraoy
$’the experimental reculte. Using the eqpa-
tlon u = (JT 3 for hydrogen, and
P T3’2 fm the other~eee, excellent~eement was= c ~.—T+C2
obtnined between tho calculated vcaues cnd the measuredVzilueaof the viscosity. In the ~se of r&rbon dioxidennd oxygen, the detentions from oxporinental vnlues werenenrly mll less thnn 1 percentO
In centraet with the dntn for unit heat oapecity and
3
vlscosity, thereis a -pauoity of aoourat e data on thermalconduotivities of gases. Lsby and Wlson (referenoe 4)found among19 obe8rvers an average devlaticm of 7 percent
. . -. h-the values reported.-for. the. thez%d oonduotitity of alrat 320 S. The data for other 4W3SSare less plentlful.Only three meaeuraments of the thermal conduotivlty ofoarbon momoxtde were found, all mm 320 I’.
In modern englneerhg praotlce, however, it is oftendeelred to knw thermal conduotitites at ttmqeratures othert- 3203’. 14ither than make an outright
res,thefollou-
1~ theoretloal relathnshlp was utillsed reference 5);
ham the measured values of k, Y, - % mussof f were calculated and plotted a@nst tcmyrature. Ifa definitevariationIn f as a functionof T wuld befound,sucha variationvas used as a bas%s for predictingk at temperatures at whloh it has aot been measured, usingthe measured values of tl - ~ Suoh a method ie sub-ject to many errors, oWmusly, but it was the beet thatcould be detised, 5e results me unsatisfactory, but untila better soheme Is devised or more data are presented, t-will have to serve as the basis for high temperature oal-otilatioae. The tabtiatad values of thermal oonduotlvitleaare based on the derived equations.
The probable errors are lxzsedon the average devlatlonof eqerlmental. result e from the ‘best Ourvee” Ineuohaease as k for CO, _ent. based on three measuredvalues at 32° ~ oan hardly be considered more than a guesewhen applied to values at 1000° F.
These properties are 021 Indqendent of pressure In thernnge We atmospheres down to 5 millimeters of mercury.6hwn belw are the temporature rraggs for uhioh ~er~mentnldata were avnllaiole,and the taqeratures for tioh ,mrtainproperties mm oxtr~olated CS disouseed above.
Grateful aoImotie@mnt is due Messrs. M. B. Weinbergand & Y. Brooksolraidtfor their help in pr~ing the report.
University of California,Berkeley, Calif.
—. —— .— — .—
4
mImwrmR-RAma a’ EmmmmAL iu!u
I
G&M
.—.—.
Heat ~acity (CJvi0c08ityThormolLeonductitity
HJdrogenI&3tatcapacity (~)Ti8cosityl?hermalconductivity
l?itrogenHeat CqxLcity (~)Vlacoaity
The17nnl conductivity
krbon diosldoHeat capacity (~)’Viacoeity!Plxmml condw+lvity
CFxi)on monoxidoSeat Cqmcity ( CJvi EmCsit ymM3mnal Conauctivit y
Rrmge in Wch
‘- I- in Wti
data are available ~00 sedrspcUtd
(dw * (Mm...---- ... ...”.-. .— ------ ..—
(CalcuQtod frca 02 and ~2 VdWS)-log tQ 1600 -
-109 to 590
-1oo to 4guo-113 to 15179113 to 6(M
A(XI to ‘4g40-M to 1516-1OG to 212
-1oo to qU35g to 1524
-1C9 to 2X?
-1oo to Ww3il to 1600
.lg to %2
-1oo to %%2-109 to 53032to 51
590 to 1600
.
6(X to 1600
.—
21.2to 1600
-lW to 59212 to 1600
-100 to 3Q602 to 1600
5
BmmmmEs
N ..—.
1. Heok, Robert 0. %Z The Wv kpe&f~& H&t e,’ “Me-o& “x., vol. 62, Jnn, 1940, -. s2; vol.63. ~eb.
Y1941, ~. 126-135 (Addenda .
2. Williams, Y. A.: Proc. Boy. Soo., London, JKtlo, 1926,. p. 14L
3. mtbrma mu. W., va. 36, l@3, P. 5q7.
4. Lam M IMeom Im, v =3. ,
5S ~Oeh Leo- BOX x~netie ~eor~ Of ~em. U@rawHill Book Co,, Tnc., 19?, p. 215.
31BLIOGW?HY
Conduotltity
Archer: k for ~20 Phil. ~ , vol.19, ~. 901-918.
Amhor: ~eriqental Values of k. Proc. Roy. Soo.,&65, pp. 474-41350
Berg, IL H,: D’WLExhaust Gas Analyzer for Internal Com-bustion Enginoe. Automobiltechnisoke Zeltscbr. , vol.41, no. 17, %pt. 10, 1938, p. 4550
BoIlti ~d Moltillo: Nature, vol. 1~, p. 63.
llnako@ A Mathemntio4 Treatmeat of k. &klv. Mat.Atatron.wsik, vd. 16, pp. M.
Mokeu Mwunmmients of k. Physiko Zeitea=, VG 14sma 32L3620
Euoken: k for VariW Mses. Physi& Zolteohr.. vol.13, ~. 11014107.
0 &ro~~ I$zportmontnlV~uos of k. Proc. Roy, SOG.,&@, ~. 35-56.
—
.
.—
6
Gregory and Asohor: *erimentXl Determination of &ml. W+& , vol. 15, 1933, mm. 3ol-309w
@egq and Arohor: Experimental 3etormlnatiozi ef k.moo. my. Sect.,, AIZL , pp. =5-293.
Gregory and Do& Review. Phil.~, vol. 25, pp. 12%147.
Gre~ and MmehaUZ Proc. ROY. Sot., 11~, pp. 354-366,
Gregory and J&shall: Experimental Values of k. %OC.my. Sot., Al18 , ppD 594-607s .
GnuIa and &hmioIG SiemenS Honz., vol. 7, pp. 202-224.
_Mndlhofer: !ChermclConduotitity. Ann@ Physik, vol. 37,pp. 247-256; VO1.%, pp. 259-=2, 1914.
=dererM ~edMntti hsdt s Of MoCsWemont S of k.PhYA w., VOL 15, 1920, pp. 4G570
Harems nnd La- Measurementsof k, Phil. B@., VO1O 3(7) s PP. 106LJO6%
Ibbss Review. Phil. Msg., vo1. 21, pF. 5M-509.
Ibbs and Hirst: !l?heoroticnlCmsidorations@f the Valuesof k, proc. Roy. Sot., A123 , pp. 13L1420
lkuniLuIok and Martin: I!hyorimontolDet~tion of k.Proc. Roy. SOC.,Al~, PP. 496-513.
EmldSJm Ann. PhYdk, vol. 34, pp. 593-656.
Ldrx Emdew of Datn on
Bulmrt m RxporimontLa17, pp. 397-422.
Mothdurftn ~orimontcl=, FP. 137-156.
k. Uature, 1~, p. 741. “
EiosultS of k. Phil. kg. , vol.
values of 1% Ann. Pmik, V@lo
- .— . -. . ., -.,, --- —., . —.- ,-. ., , ,,. , . ......— . .
7
Pollodc,J. A.: k for Gmes. Pro% Roy. Sot., Eeu SouthWaea, tidl.49, ~. 24~252: Review, Vol.53, m.- 116-119.
“-at -d Griffithsi:kview and Eqmrimentsilht% Phil.Mcbg,, vol. 27, pp. WE.
Soday EuldIJorqn k for Gnsoe. Proc. Roy. Sot., vol. g3 ,pp. 2$juK4: Volo lJ4, pp. 576-X5,
ShIlciluohowsldThoorotioal consMerQtion of h Ann,Physik,vol. 35, pp. gg>loo4; Review, Phil. Ma& , vol.=, (6) , pp. 11+.
l!ow Ikperimental l’bmuramnt s of k. Proc. Roy. Soo.,V&l. g3, ppa 19-390
Traut z: Physikregelmass. Ber. 6, pp. 16~0. A %tiew.204, Referoncos.
bxuts and ZWlelt - Physik, vol. 17, 1933, pp. 345-375.
Uehling and Uhlonbeola Theoretical Considerations of &PWS. Rev., vol. 43, 1933, pp. 55%561.
Weber: ~orlnental Determination of k. Ann. Ph.ystk, vol.g2, pp. 479-503. ~orimental Eosults of %asuramnte ofk; VO1. 54, mm 3259-326. 437*2. ~HO%
VI Scosity
kam(w &m. Ph@k, vol.2, 19290
BiEkolos Ann. Physik, vol. 2, 19296
Boomond3 , Pierro# Ccqtes &dus, vol. 196, 1933, ~.l~72Pl~7b.
Majrimdar and V@fdarl J. Univ. Bombay, VO1. 7; pt. 3.
Earat& Ann Physik, VO1O2, 19290 . . .
Stcauf: Ann Pbysik, +01. 2, 1929-
k —
8
ten Botd.1,
&aut z nnd
!&nutz and
Trautz andcoOitye
Trautz nnd
TrCutz aEd
Trautz and
tiautZ and
Trautz and
24.a Whmotihortragung, 3L od. , p.. 257.
BEN! Ann Pbysik,vol. 2, 1929, P* 7330
BiIMIIOZ b Pwdk, VO1. 5, 1930, P. 561.
Kuns: Review of Protious Experiments on Vi*A?.?PhyBik, vol. 9, 1931, Pps W-MJ30
Ludowigs? Ann. Pllysik,ml. 2, 1%9, PO 733*
Sor~ AnrL. Physik, vol. 10, 1931, ~. 61-96.
stati: h. PhYsik, VO1. 2, 1929.
Weizel: Ann. Ph@k, VO1- 7g, 1925, P= 305.
Zin!G h. Physik, vol. 7, (5), 1930s PPm427-452.
Williams, F. A.: Proc. ROY. Sot., London, &lO, 1926,p. 165.
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FIG. II TEWKRATU?E, ‘F FIG.12 TEMPERATURE, ‘FK
HEAT CAPACITY OF OXYGEN
-200 0 200 400 6W Km = 1200 1400 160
FiG. 13 TEMPERATURE, ●F
z
%*
q
&j’●
10 -200 -1oo 0 100 200 300 400 600 600 700.FFIG. K Temperature ‘F +
9
m
i
VISCOSITY OF NITROGEN ~ OXYGEN
700 600 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
FIG. 15 TEMPERATURE, “F FIG. /6 TEMPERATURE , ‘F z
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF 02 AND N2
0.60
~
x .~~
*a~
A
> 1 I w 1 I I 1 /1 I I
AE ho “
I I I I. %sA I
0.30 (/ I I
CALCULATEDFROM ksfp cv
orobdo crrwm5~
700 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
FIG. 17 TEMPERATURE, ”F
-200-000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700Fle 19 TEMPERATURE, “F
~
g
‘?l
~●
700 600 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1600 moo%
FIG. 20 TEMPERATURE, “F “wo
o
FIG. 21 TEMPERATURE, ●F
:
n*
:
OQu●
700 80,0 1000 1200 1400 laoo”~ru
FIG. 22 TEMPERATURE, ”F /’4
.—
1=m.
u“.
-’0xN.:
i~
:0
<+-~(n0c)m
1/r-
(Y-J●
R)o.e4 0.20
-2a I 1200 1400 1600 -200 -loo 0 too 200 300 400 500 600 7oo”@I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1
-30 0 200 400 600 800 1000FIG. 23 TEMPERATURE, “F FIG. 24 TEMPERATURE, ‘F E
.-.700 GOO 900 1000 100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600FIG. 25 TEMPERATURE, ‘F
ElilPRANDTL’S MODULUS
FOR H2 , C02 , 02, CO, 8
+43609)
Ln3A
$tn-<
0z
F
‘-ElP.ma●
-200 0 200 400 600 600 :1000 1200 Ww Ko&
FIG. 26 TEMPERATURE, “F&’
.—. .—... — ,
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